Table 3.
Bivariate Associations Between Various Factors and Psychological Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy, Eastern Ethiopia (n=3015), 2018
| Variable | Category | Psychological IPVP | CPR (95% CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes, n (%) | No, n(%) | ||||
| Residence | Harar | 135(24.9) | 407(75.1) | 1.00 | |
| Kersa | 602(24.3) | 1871(75.7) | 0.98(0.83,1.15) | 0.781 | |
| Age group(years) | <20 | 46(13.8) | 287(86.2) | 1.00 | |
| 20-34 | 581(25.4) | 1703(74.6) | 1.84(1.39,2.43) | 0.000 | |
| ≥ 35 | 110(27.6) | 288(72.4) | 2.00(1.46,2.73) | 0.000 | |
| Age at first marriage (years) | <18 | 404(25.3) | 1192(74.7) | 1.00 | |
| ≥18 | 333(23.5) | 1086(76.5) | 0.9(0.81,1.05) | 0.250 | |
| Marital duration (years) | ≤ 1 | 57(18.8) | 246(81.2) | 1.00 | |
| 2-4 | 139(22.5) | 479(77.5) | 1.2(0.90,1.57) | 0.204 | |
| 5-10 | 246(22.1) | 865(77.9) | 1.1(0.91,1.52) | 0.217 | |
| >10 | 295(30.0) | 688(70.0) | 1.6(1.23,2.05) | 0.000 | |
| Education (women) | No formal education | 519(26.8) | 1413(73.2) | 1.00 | |
| Primary/secondary | 194(20.9) | 733(79.1) | 0.78(0.67,0.90) | 0.000 | |
| Tertiary | 24(15.4) | 132(84.6) | 0.57(0.39,0.83) | 0.004 | |
| Education (partner) | No formal education | 375(27.1) | 1007(72.9) | 1.00 | |
| Primary/secondary | 316(22.8) | 1072(77.2) | 0.84(0.74,0.96) | 0.008 | |
| Tertiary | 46(18.8) | 199(81.2) | 0.69(0.53,0.91) | 0.009 | |
| Household empowerment status | Low | 202(20.1) | 804(79.9) | 1.00 | |
| Medium | 316(31.4) | 690(68.6) | 1.56(1.34,1.82) | 0.000 | |
| High | 219(21.8) | 784(78.2) | 1.09(0.92,1.29) | 0.334 | |
| Drinking habit (women) | Yes frequently | 7(31.8) | 15(68.2) | 1.00 | |
| Yes occasionally | 51(32.3) | 107(67.7) | 1.01(0.53,1.95) | 0.966 | |
| Not at all | 677(23.9) | 2154(76.1) | 0.75(0.41,1.39) | 0.363 | |
| Drinking habit (partner) | Yes frequently | 27(27.6) | 71(72.4) | 1.00 | |
| Yes occasionally | 68(25.0) | 204(75.0) | 0.91(0.62,1.33) | 0.618 | |
| Not at all | 600(23.6) | 1947(76.4) | 0.85(0.62,1.19) | 0.350 | |
| Khat-chewing habit (partner) | Never/occasional | 77(16.6) | 387(83.4) | 1.00 | |
| Frequently | 660(25.9) | 1891(74.1) | 1.56(1.26,1.93) | 0.000 | |
| Working status (women) | Housewife | 598(22.6) | 2052(77.4) | 1.00 | |
| Working | 139(38.1) | 226(61.9) | 1.7(1.45,1.95) | 0.000 | |
| Working status (partner) | Working | 716(24.4) | 2224(75.6) | 1.00 | |
| Non-working | 21(28.0) | 54(72.0) | 1.15(0.80,1.66) | 0.460 | |
| Living arrangement | Not with family | 538(24.5) | 1654(75.5) | 1.00 | |
| With family | 199(24.2) | 624(75.8) | 0.99(0.86,1.13) | 0.836 | |
| Number of children under 5 | <3 | 646(24.4) | 2001(75.6) | 1.00 | |
| ≥3 | 91(24.7) | 277(75.3) | 1.1(0.84,1.23) | 0.890 | |
| ANC attendance | Not attend | 359(23.8) | 1152(76.2) | 1.00 | |
| Attended ≥1 | 378(25.1) | 1126(74.9) | 1.1(093,1.19) | 0.380 | |
| Partner's stance on ANC use | Discourage | 15(26.8) | 41(73.2) | 1.00 | |
| No interest | 385(29.5) | 920(70.5) | 1.10(0.71,1.71) | 0.668 | |
| Encourage | 337(20.4) | 1317(79.6) | 0.76(0.49,1.18) | 0.227 | |
| Number of living children | ≤3 | 404(21.6) | 1463(78.4) | 1.00 | |
| 4-6 | 250(28.5) | 628(71.5) | 1.32(1.15,1.51) | 0.000 | |
| ≥7 | 83(30.7) | 187(69.3) | 1.42(1.16,1.73) | 0.000 | |
| Couple's pregnancy intentions | Concordant | 622(23.5) | 2027(76.5) | 1.00 | |
| Discordant | 115(31.4) | 251(68.6) | 1.34(1.13,1.58) | 0.000 | |
| Previous infant loss | No | 6 17(24.9) | 1858(75.1) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 120(22.2) | 420(77.8) | 0.9(0.75,1.05) | 0.190 | |
Abbreviations: IPVP, intimate partner violence during pregnancy; CPR, crude prevalence ratio; ANC, antenatal care.