Table 7.
Adjusted Prevalence Ratio of Factors Associated with Different Forms of Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy, Eastern Ethiopia, 2018
| Variable | Category | APR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychological IPVP | Physical IPVP | Sexual IPVP | Overall IPVP | ||
| Residence | Harar (urban) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Kersa (rural) | 0.68 (0.53, 0.87)* | 0.81 (0.54, 1.22) | 0.41 (0.27, 0.60)* | 0.85 (0.87, 1.03) | |
| Age group (years) | <20 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 20–34 | 1.83 (1.34, 2.49)* | 2.00 (1.25, 3.18)* | 1.08 (0.75, 1.56) | 1.56 (1.23, 1.98)* | |
| ≥35 | 1.60 (1.10, 2.33)* | 1.60 (0.89, 2.86) | 0.90 (0.55, 1.46) | 1.37 (1.02, 1.84) | |
| Age at first marriage (years) | <18 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| ≥18 | 0.99 (0.86, 1.13) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.29) | 0.98 (0.77, 1.23) | 0.94 (0.84, 1.05) | |
| Education (women) | No formal education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Primary/secondary | 0.83 (0.70, 0.99)* | 0.55 (0.41, 0.74)* | 0.46 (0.34, 0.64)* | 0.77 (0.66, 0.89)* | |
| Tertiary | 0.49 (0.31, 0.78)* | 0.05 (0.01, 0.23)* | 0.20 (0.09, 0.45)* | 0.36 (0.24, 0.53)* | |
| Education (partner) | No formal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Primary/secondary | 0.98 (0.84, 1.13) | 0.96 (0.76, 1.20) | 0.74 (0.58, 0.96)* | 0.92 (0.82, 1.03) | |
| Tertiary | 0.86 (0.61, 1.19) | 1.13 (0.64, 1.98) | 0.94 (0.53, 1.68) | 0.98 (0.75, 1.28) | |
| Marital duration (years) | ≤1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2–4 | 0.93 (0.71, 1.23) | 0.99 (0.63, 1.56) | 1.59 (0.98, 2.56) | 1.02 (0.81, 1.28) | |
| 5–10 | 0.76 (0.57, 1.01) | 0.77 (0.48, 1.21) | 1.10 (0.67, 1.80) | 0.78 (0.62, 1.00) | |
| >10 | 0.97 (0.71, 1.31) | 0.99 (0.60, 1.63) | 1.55 (0.92, 2.61) | 0.92 (0.72, 1.19) | |
| Household empowerment status | Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Medium | 1.41 (1.20, 1.65)* | 1.40 (1.10, 1.76)* | 1.80 (1.39, 2.35)* | 1.29 (1.13, 1.47)* | |
| High | 0.99 (0.84, 1.19) | 0.85 (0.65, 1.11) | 0.95 (0.68, 1.32) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.10) | |
| Drinking habit (women) | Yes, frequently | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes, occasionally | 0.77 (0.41, 1.43) | 1.15 (0.47, 2.83) | 0.66 (0.28, 1.56) | 0.89 (0.55, 1.44) | |
| Not at all | 0.53 (0.29, 0.99)* | 0.61 (0.29, 1.32) | 0.25 (0.12, 0.57)* | 0.55 (0.35, 0.87)* | |
| Drinking habit (partner) | Yes, frequently | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes, occasionally | 0.95 (0.65, 1.40) | 1.54 (0.75, 3.16) | 0.68 (0.33, 1.38) | 0.90 (0.65, 1.25) | |
| Not at all | 0.75 (0.55, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.53, 1.82) | 1.02 (0.55, 1.92) | 0.77 (0.58, 1.01) | |
| Working status (women) | Housewife | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Working | 1.90 (1.58, 2.28)* | 2.54 (1.89, 3.41)* | 3.37 (2.54, 4.47)* | 2.13 (1.83, 2.48)* | |
| Working status (partner) | Working | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Not working | 0.80 (0.56, 1.14) | 0.47 (0.22, 1.02) | 0.46 (0.22, 0.97)* | 0.65 (0.49, 0.86)* | |
| Khat-chewing habit (partner) | Never/not habitually | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Always/habitually | 2.05 (1.59, 2.67)* | 3.15 (1.97, 5.03)* | 1.47 (0.98, 2.18) | 1.72 (1.41, 2.11)* | |
| Living arrangement | Not with family/parent | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| With family/parents | 0.81 (0.69, 0.94)* | 0.73 (0.58, 0.94)* | 0.93 (0.74, 1.17) | 0.87 (0.77, 0.98)* | |
| Number of children under 5 | <3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| ≥3 | 0.90 (0.74, 1.10) | 1.09 (0.82, 1.44) | 1.15 (0.84, 1.56) | 0.98 (0.83, 1.15) | |
| ANC attendance | Not attended | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Attended ≥1 | 1.12 (0.95, 1.31) | 1.15 (0.90, 1.46) | 1.22 (0.94, 1.57) | 1.25 (1.09, 1.42)* | |
| Partner's stance on ANC use | Discouraged | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No interest | 1.13 (0.76, 1.66) | 0.52 (0.29, 0.92)* | 4.90 (0.66, 36.4) | 0.89 (0.61, 1.30) | |
| Encouraged | 0.80 (0.55, 1.16) | 0.44 (0.25, 0.78)* | 4.34 (0.58, 32.2) | 0.68 (0.47, 1.00) | |
| Number of living children | ≤3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 4–6 | 1.12 (0.93, 1.34) | 1.05 (0.80, 1.39) | 0.77 (0.58, 1.03) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.20) | |
| ≥7 | 1.19 (0.89, 1.57) | 1.10 (0.73, 1.77) | 0.96 (0.64, 1.44) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.29) | |
| Couple’s pregnancy intentions | Concordant | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Discordant | 1.19 (1.01, 1.40)* | 1.29 (1.01, 1.66)* | 0.71 (0.49, 1.04) | 1.19 (1.03, 1.36)* | |
| Previous infant loss | No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 0.82 (0.68, 0.98)* | 0.79 (0.60, 1.03) | 0.67 (0.51, 0.89)* | 0.82 (0.71, 0.96)* | |
Note: *Significant at P<0.05.
Abbreviations: APR, adjusted prevalence ratio; IPVP, intimate partner violence during pregnancy; ANC, antenatal care.