Figure 13.

Generating model where the causal relationship is from X to Y (${\beta }_{X\to Y}=1$) and in which there is weak confounding (${\kappa }_X={\kappa }_Y=0.1$) and pleiotropy ($\alpha =0.1$). There is a weak dependence $G\perp \perp Y|X$ that results in a mild violation of the IV3 assumption.