Table 3.
Immunomodulatory activities of mushrooms.
| Category | Bioactive Agent | Source | Immune Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lectins | Concanavalin A | Volvariella volvacea | Activating T lymphocytes | [130] |
| Ricin-B-like lectin (CNL) | Clitocybe nebularis | Stimulating dendritic cells (DCs) and cytokines | [131] | |
| TML-1, TML-2 | Tricholoma mongolicum | Macrophages activator (TNF-α, Nitrite ions) | [132] | |
| Fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) | FIP-fve | Flammulina velutipes | Stimulating lymphocyte mitogenesis, enhancing transcription of IL-2, IFN- γ, and TNF-α | [133,134] |
| Fip-gat | Ganoderma atrum | Inducing apoptosis via autophagy | [135] | |
| Fip-gts | Ganoderma tsugae | Inducing apoptosis via autophagy | [136] | |
| FIP-gsi | Ganoderma sinensis | Cytokines regulation (IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IFN- γ, TNF-α) | [137] | |
| Fip-lti1, Fip-lti2 | Lentinus tigrinus | Cytokines regulation (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) | [138] | |
| FIP-ppl | Postia placenta | Enhancing interleukin-2 (IL-2) | [139] | |
| FIP-SJ75 | Ganoderma lucidum, Flammulina velutipes, Volvariella volvacea | Activating macrophage M1 polarization and initiating pro-inflammatory response | [121] | |
| Fip-vvo | Volvariella volvacea | Lymphocytes activator, cytokine regulation | [140] | |
| GMI | Ganoderma microsporum | Inducing apoptosis via autophagy | [141] | |
| Ling Zhi-8 (Lz-8) | Ganoderma lucidum | T cell and macrophages activator, cytokine regulation | [142,143] | |
| Polysaccharides | α- and β-glucans |
Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus brasiliensis, Ganoderma lucidum |
Inducing synthesis of IFN-γ | [144] |
| β-glucan | Grifola frondosa | Activating macrophages, NK cells, lymphokines and cytokines | [145,146] | |
| Polysaccharides | Galactomannan |
Morchella esculenta, Morchella conica |
Activating macrophages and cytokines | [147,148] |
| Grifolan | Grifola frondosa | Activating macrophages and lymphokines | [149] | |
| Lentinan | Lentinus edodes | T-cell-oriented adjuvant | [149] | |
| PS-G | Ganoderma lucidum | Activating macrophages and T lymphocytes | [135,136] | |
| Schizophyllan | Schizophyllum commune | Activating T cell, increasing interleukin and TNF-α production | [150] | |
| Terpenoids | Exobiopolymers | Ganoderma applanatum | Activating NK cell | [128] |
| Ganolucidoid A and B | Ganoderma lucidum | NO production, anti-inflammatory activities | [130] | |
| Lanostane | Hypholoma fasciculare | NO production, anti-inflammatory activities | [151] |