Table 1. Characteristics of 9009 Surgical Procedures in a Stepped-Wedge Cluster Nonrandomized Clinical Trial.
| Characteristic | Study groupa | P valued | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 3892)b | Intervention (n = 5117)c | ||
| Male sex | 1204 (30.9) | 2204 (43.1) | <.001 |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 51.5 (21.8) | 51.8 (22.4) | .49 |
| ASA risk scoree | |||
| I | 1020 (26.2) | 1385 (27.1) | .14 |
| II | 2115 (54.4) | 2630 (51.4) | |
| III | 706 (18.2) | 998 (19.5) | |
| IV | 44 (1.1) | 100 (2.0) | |
| V | 1 (0.02) | 3 (0.1) | |
| Surgery | |||
| Elective | 1878 (48.3) | 2270 (44.4) | <.001 |
| Emergency | 2014 (51.7) | 2847 (55.6) | |
| Anesthesia | |||
| Regional | 1310 (33.7) | 1794 (35.1) | .172 |
| General | 2582 (66.3) | 3323 (64.9) | |
| Surgical specialty | |||
| Neurosurgery | 636 (16.3) | 1903 (37.2) | <.001 |
| Orthopedics | 1827 (46.9) | 2612 (51.0) | |
| Gynecology | 1429 (36.7) | 602 (11.8) | |
| SURPASS preoperative checklists, No.f | |||
| 0 | NA | 216 (4.2) | NA |
| 1 | NA | 503 (9.8) | |
| 2 | NA | 1034 (20.2) | |
| 3 | NA | 1903 (37.2) | |
| 4 | NA | 1176 (23.0) | |
| 5 | NA | 285 (5.6) | |
| WHO SSC intraoperative checklists, No.f | |||
| 0 | 48 (1.2) | 39 (0.8) | <.001 |
| 1 | 192 (4.9) | 251 (4.9) | |
| 2 | 808 (20.8) | 1442 (28.2) | |
| 3 | 2844 (73.1) | 3385 (66.2) | |
| SURPASS postoperative checklists, No.f | |||
| 0 | NA | 1397 (27.3) | NA |
| 1 | NA | 2789 (54.5) | |
| 2 | NA | 595 (11.6) | |
| 3 | NA | 336 (6.6) | |
Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists’ risk score; NA, not applicable; SURPASS, Surgical Patient Safety System; WHO SSC, World Health Organization surgical safety checklist.
Unless otherwise indicated, data are expressed as number (percentage) of procedures. Percentages have been rounded and may not total 100. Data are from 1 hospital in Western Norway from November 2012 through March 2015.
Includes 3274 unique patients.
Includes 4498 unique patients.
Calculated from Pearson exact test with Bonferroni corrections except ASA risk score (not exact test) and age (Gosset t test).
Missing for 6 control group procedures and 1 intervention group procedure. Higher scores indicate more comorbidities.
All items of individual checklists checked.