Table 1.
Age, Sex, Sociodemographic Characteristics, Lifestyle Factors, Comorbidities, Falls, Mobility Limitations, Depression, Lack of Companionship, and Cognitive Function by Hearing Function and Vision Function in a Cohort of 4,621 English Men and Women Aged 50 Years and Over in 2008 (Baseline).
| Overall | Good hearing | Poor hearing | p value | Good vision | Poor vision | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Totals, (n)% | 4,621 (100) | 3,761 (81) | 860 (19) | 4,143 (90) | 478 (10) | ||
| Covariates | |||||||
| Age, M (SD) | 64.9 (8.3) | 64.4 (8.1) | 67.1 (8.6) | <.01 | 64.7 (8.1) | 67.3 (9.5) | <.01 |
| Male gender, (n)% | 2,100 (45) | 1,590 (42) | 510 (59) | <.01 | 1,906 (46) | 194 (41) | .01 |
| Wealth, (n)% | |||||||
| 1 (lowest) | 636 (14) | 487 (13) | 149 (17) | .01 | 494 (12) | 142 (30) | <.01 |
| 2 | 829 (18) | 667 (18) | 162 (19) | 737 (18) | 92 (19) | ||
| 3 | 935 (20) | 761 (20) | 174 (20) | 843 (20) | 92 (19) | ||
| 4 | 1,030 (22) | 857 (23) | 173 (20) | 956 (23) | 74 (16) | ||
| 5 (highest) | 1,191 (26) | 989 (26) | 202 (24) | 1,113 (27) | 78 (16) | ||
| No educational qualification, (n)% | 1,015 (22) | 787 (21) | 228 (27) | <.01 | 857 (21) | 158 (34) | <.01 |
| Alcohol, (n)% | |||||||
| Daily | 763 (17) | 604 (16) | 159 (19) | .01 | 706 (17) | 57 (12) | <.01 |
| Frequently | 2,223 (48) | 1,845 (49) | 378 (44) | 2,015 (49) | 208 (44) | ||
| Rarely | 859 (19) | 707 (19) | 152 (18) | 770 (19) | 89 (19) | ||
| Never | 776 (17) | 605 (16) | 171 (20) | 652 (16) | 124 (26) | ||
| Smoker, (n)% | 602 (13) | 480 (13) | 122 (14) | .14 | 508 (12) | 94 (20) | <.01 |
| Levels of physical activity, (n)% | |||||||
| Sedentary | 174 (4) | 127 (3) | 47 (6) | <.01 | 130 (3) | 44 (9) | <.01 |
| Low | 568 (12) | 433 (12) | 135 (16) | 459 (11) | 109 (23) | ||
| Moderate | 2,327 (50) | 1,895 (50) | 432 (50) | 2,086 (50) | 241 (51) | ||
| High | 1,551 (34) | 1,305 (35) | 246 (29) | 1,468 (35) | 83 (17) | ||
| BMI, M (SD) | 28.3 (5.2) | 28.3 (5.3) | 28.4 (4.8) | .55 | 28.3 (5.2) | 28.9 (5.6) | .01 |
| Hypertension, (n)% | 1,873 (41) | 1,479 (39) | 394 (46) | <.01 | 1,623 (39) | 250 (52) | <.01 |
| CVD, (n)% | 538 (12) | 390 (10) | 148 (17) | <.01 | 441 (11) | 97 (20) | <.01 |
| Diabetes, (n)% | 384 (8) | 293 (8) | 91 (11) | .01 | 322 (8) | 62 (13) | <.01 |
| History of falls, (n)% | 819 (18) | 615 (16) | 204 (24) | <.01 | 682 (17) | 137 (29) | <.01 |
| Mobility limitations, (n)% | 1,408 (31) | 1,168 (28) | 240 (50) | <.01 | 1,063 (28) | 345 (40) | <.01 |
| Depression, (n)% | 540 (12) | 421 (11) | 119 (14) | .02 | 441 (11) | 99 (21) | <.01 |
| Lack of companionship, (n)% | 1,603 (35) | 1,296 (35) | 307 (36) | .24 | 1,383 (34) | 220 (47) | <.01 |
| Outcomes | |||||||
| Cognitive function, M (SD) in 2008 | 32.8 (8.3) | 33.2 (8.2) | 31.2 (8.5) | <.01 | 33.1 (8.1) | 30.6 (9.1) | <.01 |
| Cognitive function, M (SD) in 2014 | 31.4 (9.6) | 32.0 (9.5) | 29.1 (9.9) | <.01 | 31.8 (9.5) | 27.9 (10.0) | <.01 |
Note. BMI = Body Mass Index; CVD = Cardiovascular Disease.