Table 2.

GC–MS-identified compounds from the B. macrophylla extract.

Peak No.	Retention Time (min.)	Putative Identity	% Area	MW (Da)	m/z	Elemental Composition	Biological Activity
1	15.603	Caryophyllene	27.484	204	93, 105, 120, 133, 161, 189	C15H24	Antifungal [27], anticancer [28], antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial [28,29]
2	16.091	Humulene	3.871	204	93, 107, 121, 147, 175, 189	C15H24	Antibacterial [30], anti-inflammatory [31]
3	17.866	Caryophyllene oxide	5.75	220	79, 93, 121, 149, 177, 205	C15H24O	Antifungal [27], anticancer [29]
4	20.723	2-Methyl-cis-7,8-epoxynonadecane	1.603	296	57, 97, 127, 197, 239, 281	C20H40O	Unknown
5	22.326	Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester	2.718	284	88, 101, 157, 213, 239, 300	C18H36O2	Anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and hepatoprotective [32]
6	23.54	Phytol	2.791	296	71, 123, 151, 196, 278, 300	C20H40O	Anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antitumor, chemopreventive, antimicrobial, use in vaccine formulations [33,34,35]
7	24.08	Oxiraneundecanoic acid, 3-pentyl-, methyl ester, trans-	1.132	312	74, 213, 155, 199, 227, 312	C19H36O3	Unknown
8	24.309	Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester	0.752	284	88, 101, 157, 199, 239, 267	C15H36O2	Antioxidant, nematicidal activities, and hypocholesterolemic [36]
9	27.356	Diisooctyl phthalate	5.232	390	104, 149, 210, 279, 330, 360	C24H38O4	Antimicrobial [37,38], inhibiting melanogenesis [39]
10	29.789	Squalene	32.114	410	69, 5, 191. 257, 341, 367	C30H50	Antioxidant, antitumor, and cytoprotective effects [40,41]
11	30.808	trans-Geranylgeraniol	1.725	290	41, 69, 93, 136, 189, 272	C20H34O	Anticancer [42,43], antimicrobial [44]
12	33.581	Vitamin E	4.889	430	71, 165, 205, 295, 368, 415	C29H50O2	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory [45], antimicrobial [46]
13	37.166	Retinol, acetate	6.351	328	43, 69, 119, 197, 253, 268	C22H32O2	Antioxidant [47]
14	37.895	γ-himachalene	3.587	284	41, 93, 119, 133, 161, 189	H15H24	Antioxidant [48]