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Effect of ophthalmic formulations on the secretion levels of (A) interleukin-1 receptor agonist (IL-1ra), (B) IL-6, and (C) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in macrophages. Negative controls refer to unstimulated cells (without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)); positive control refers to cells only stimulated with LPS. Same letters denote statistically homogeneous groups (ANOVA and multiple range test p < 0.05; n = 3).
