Table 2.
Ethnic diversity and gambling (IV results)
| Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PGSI | Risk status | PGSI | Risk status | |
| Ethnic diversity | 1.246*** | 0.415*** | 0.790** | 0.292** |
| (0.442) | (0.140) | (0.352) | (0.116) | |
| [0.190] | [0.204] | [0.121] | [0.144] | |
| Controls? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| State fixed effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 14,061 | 14,061 | 14,061 | 14,061 |
| First stage | ||||
| Instrument | 0.318*** | 0.339*** | ||
| (0.020) | (0.021) | |||
| F-statistics | 248.23 | 19.92 | ||
| F p value | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | ||
| J statistic | – | 15.958/16.080 | ||
| J p value | – | 0.3848/0.3767 | ||
Columns 1 and 2 report 2SLS results using lagged diversity as instrument
Columns 3 and 4 report Lewbel 2SLS results using external and internal instruments
Robust standard errors in parentheses. Standardised coefficients in brackets
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1