Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample, by the presence of infection
| Exposure | No infection on admission (n = 894) |
Infection on admission (n = 218) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 56 (10.6) | 55 (9.7) | 0.66 |
| Sex (women) | 287 (32%) | 78 (36%) | 0.47 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.05 | ||
| White/Caucasian (non-Hispanic) | 373 (77%) | 110 (23%) | |
| African-American/black | 248 (81%) | 60 (19%) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 176 (83%) | 35 (17%) | |
| Asian | 29 (94%) | 2 (6%) | |
| Other/unknown | 68 (86%) | 11 (14%) | |
| Household income in US Dollars | $43,532 ($21,021) | $42,298 ($29,826) | 0.40 |
| Insurance provider | 0.008 | ||
| Public (Medicare/Medicaid/County) | 647 (78%) | 178 (22%) | |
| Commercial | 38 (76%) | 12 (24%) | |
| Self-insured | 159 (88%) | 22 (12%) | |
| Other | 50 (89%) | 6 (11%) | |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 3 (1) | 4 (2) | 0.018 |
| Diabetes | 202 (84%) | 39 (16%) | 0.14 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.7 (7.4) | 27.5 (7.9) | 0.96 |
| Location pre-admission | 0.37 | ||
| Skilled nursing facility | 21 (72%) | 8 (28%) | |
| Home | 821 (81%) | 194 (19%) | |
| Other | 52 (76%) | 16 (24%) | |
| Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score with sodium (MELD–Na) | 15.8 (9.4) | 19.6 (10.4) | < 0.001 |
| Etiology of liver disease | 0.68 | ||
| Alcohol only | 360 (81%) | 83 (19%) | |
| Viral hepatitis only | 161 (80%) | 41 (20%) | |
| Alcohol and viral hepatitis | 245 (79%) | 66 (21%) | |
| Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | 32 (76%) | 10 (24%) | |
| Other etiologies | 96 (84%) | 18 (16%) | |
| History of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) | 16 (57%) | 12 (43%) | 0.004 |
| Alcohol use within 3 months | 0.19 | ||
| 0–2 drinks/day | 520 (79%) | 140 (21%) | |
| > 2 drinks/day | 291 (84%) | 54 (16%) | |
| Pre-admission proton-pump inhibitor | 310 (80%) | 78 (20%) | 0.88 |
| Pre-admission antibiotic use for SBP prophylaxis or hepatic encephalopathy (excluding rifaximin) | 21 (82%) | 7 (18%) | 0.86 |
Mean (standard deviation, SD) for normally distributed continuous parameters, median (interquartile range) for skewed continuous parameters, frequency (%) for categorical parameters
Bold values indicate statistically significant associations (p < 0.05 after adjustment for multiple comparisons via Benjamini–Hochberg method)