. 2020 Jan 7;46(3):444–453. doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05867-9

Table 4.

Odds ratio for the implementation of management strategies (the 1998 study was taken as reference) and the inter-country variability

Variable	Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)			Country-level variability (median odds ratio)
Variable	2004	2010	2016	Country-level variability (median odds ratio)
Non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation	2.15 (1.97–2.35)	3.01 (2.77–3.27)	3.76 (3.45–4.09)	1.40
Lung-protective strategy^a	2.42 (2.06–2.85)	3.60 (3.10–4.19)	3.90 (3.35–4.54)	2.09
Sedation	1.49 (1.26–1.77)	1.51 (1.13–2.02)	1.90 (1.26–2.87)	2.82

^aDefined as a tidal volume below 6 ml/kg actual body weight or a tidal volume below 8 ml/kg actual body weight plus plateau or peak inspiratory pressure less than 30 cmH₂O