Table 3.
Literature review of outbreaks due to Candida krusei worldwide
| Sl no | Year | Country | Hospital area | Risk factor | Patients/HCW/environment | Duration | Origin | Typing method | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1996 | USA | Haemato-oncology | Fluconazole prophylaxis | 4/–/– | 1 month | Genotype A/A1 | REA | Noskin et al. |
| 2 | 2006 | Netherlands | Haemato-oncology | Fluconazole prophylaxis | 13/–/– | 2.5 years | Genotype 1/6/8 | CKTNR/CKRS1 assay | Vos et al. |
| 3 | 2007 | Finland | Haemato-oncology | Fluconazole prophylaxis | 6/–/2 (sink trap) | 1 month | Same cluster | CHEF PFGE | Hautala et al. |
| 4 | 2011 | Portugal | Neutropenia unit of haematology | Fluconazole prophylaxis (n = 2) | 3/–/2 (surfaces) | 2 months | Related strains | REA | Ricardo et al. |
| 5 | 2012 | Brazil | NICU | Fluconazole prophylaxis (n = 1) | 3/–/– | 3 years | NA | NA | Selma Amaral-Lopes et al. |
| Fluconazole therapy (n = 1) | |||||||||
| Premature | |||||||||
| 6 | 2014 | India | NICU | Prematurity | 7/–/1 (multi-electrolyte dextrose infusate) | 11 days | Clonal | RAPD | Rongpharpi et al. |
| 7 | 2015 | India (2 outbreaks) | NICU | Prematurity, low birth weight | (a) 2/–/1 (multi-electrolyte dextrose infusate) | (a) 2 days | Related | RAPD | Duggal et al. |
| (b) 4/–/1 (suction apparatus) | (b) 10 days | ||||||||
| 8 | 2018 | South Africa (2 outbreaks) | Neonatal unit | Neonates | (a) 48/–/– | Both 4 months | NA | NA | van Schalkwyk et al. |
| (b) 41/–/– | |||||||||
| 9 | 2018 | India | Paediatric unit | Paediatrics including Neonates | 82/1/1 (hands of healthcare worker and washbasin) | 1 year | Clonal | FAFLP | Present study |
FAFLP fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism, HCW health care workers, NA not available, NICU neonatal intensive care unit, PFGE pulse field gel electrophoresis, RAPD random amplified polymorphic DNA, REA restriction endonuclease assay, USA United States of America