Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study sample (63 males and 147 females) within the EPIC Granada–Gipuzkoa study.
| Variables | All (n = 210) | Men (n = 63) | Women (n = 147) | p-Value 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median [IQR 25–75] | Median [IQR 25–75] | Median [IQR 25–75] | ||
| Age | 48.8 [41.4;55.2] | 51.9 [46.6;57.1] | 46.3 [39.9;53.1] | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.2 [24.8;30.4] | 28 [25.9;30.7] | 26.4 [24.2;30.2] | 0.042 |
| Cigarettes/day among smokers | 10.0 [5.00;20.0] | 17.5 [7.00;20.0] | 9.00 [3.00;12.0] | 0.103 |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Abdominal obesity | 0.781 | |||
| Normal | 128 (60.9) | 37 (58.7) | 91 (61.9) | |
| Obese | 82 (39.1) | 26 (41.3) | 56 (38.1) | |
| Center | <0.001 | |||
| Granada | 105 (50.0) | 17 (27.0) | 88 (59.9) | |
| Gipuzkoa | 105 (50.0) | 46 (73.0) | 59 (40.1) | |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smoker | 130 (61.9) | 25 (39.7) | 105 (71.4) | <0.001 |
| Former smoker | 34 (16.2) | 19 (30.2) | 15 (10.2) | |
| Current smoker | 45 (21.4) | 19 (30.2) | 26 (17.7) | |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Inactive | 78 (37.1) | 5 (7.94) | 73 (49.7) | <0.001 |
| Moderately inactive | 68 (32.4) | 19 (30.2) | 49 (33.3) | |
| Moderately active | 41 (19.5) | 24 (38.7) | 17 (11.6) | |
| Active | 23 (11.0) | 15 (23.8) | 8 (5.44) | |
| Education Level | ||||
| None | 72 (34.6) | 13 (21.0) | 59 (40.4) | 0.088 |
| Primary school | 90 (43.3) | 34 (54.8) | 56 (38.4) | |
| Secondary school | 16 (7.70) | 5 (8.06) | 11 (7.53) | |
| Professional | 12 (5.80) | 2 (3.23) | 10 (6.85) | |
| University | 18 (8.70) | 8 (12.9) | 10 (6.85) | |
| Dietary Characteristics 1 | Median [IQR 25–75] | Median [IQR 25–75] | Median [IQR 25–75] | |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1875 [1548;2310] | 2432 [2175;2934] | 1712 [1421;1999] | <0.001 |
| Fruits (g/day) | 254 [139;409] | 280 [142;436] | 250 [139;395] | 0.294 |
| Vegetables (g/day) | 206 [123;297] | 211 [118;313] | 206 [132;285] | 0.954 |
| Legumes (g/day) | 37.2 [23.3;63.4] | 48.0 [29.8;102] | 35.0 [22.6;51.2] | 0.001 |
| Cereals (g/day) | 202 [135;260] | 261 [202;326] | 173 [127;232] | <0.001 |
| Meat and meat products (g/day) | 101 [69.2;148] | 140 [102;163] | 89.6 [65.3;120] | <0.001 |
| Fish and seafood (g/day) | 54.3 [32.3;83.2] | 79.7 [49.3;120] | 49.3 [27.2;69.9] | <0.001 |
| Milk and dairy products (g/day) | 253 [161;376] | 246 [150;333] | 258 [166;399] | 0.232 |
| Red wine (g/day) | 0.00 [0.00;40.2] | 100 [0.00;192] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | <0.001 |
| Coffee (g/day) | 84.4 [3.36;152] | 98.3 [26.8;131] | 76.8 [2.93;174] | 0.901 |
| Tea (g/day) | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.684 |
| Flavonoids (mg/1000 Kcal/day) | 161 [111;227] | 170 [115;227] | 157 [107;225] | 0.385 |
| β-Carotene (µg/1000 Kcal/day) | 1092 [719;1574] | 922 [565;1436] | 1221 [836;1601] | 0.005 |
| Retinol (µg/ 1000 Kcal/day) | 145 [93.8;204] | 117 [88.5;183] | 149 [95.8;207] | 0.075 |
| α-Tocopherol (mg/1000 Kcal/day) | 5.7 [4.5;7.5] | 5.2 [4.5;7] | 6.1 [7.5;7.7] | 0.094 |
| Vitamin C (mg/1000 Kcal/day) | 66.6 [44.8;89.5] | 56.8 [40.4;71.6] | 71.6 [46.3;102] | <0.001 |
| Iron (mg/1000 Kcal/day) | 7.2 [6.3;8.3] | 7.32 [6.67;8.34] | 7.10 [6.06;8.21] | 0.153 |
| Alcohol (g/1000 Kcal/day) | 0.89 [0.01;5.9] | 8.67 [2.88;15.6] | 0.11 [0.00;1.99] | <0.001 |
| TRAP (µmol TE/day) | 8990 [3764;15,231] | 10,830 [5663;1,6160] | 8083 [3431;14,836] | 0.025 |
| TRAP without coffee (µmol TE/day) | 2771 [1876;4631] | 4584 [3103;7025] | 2285 [1748;3548] | <0.001 |
| FRAP (µmol Fe2+/day) | 22,388 [11,079;33,821] | 26,226 [17,529;36,363] | 19,713 [9421;33,458] | 0.009 |
| FRAP without coffee (µmol Fe2+/day) | 8765 [6560;13,636] | 14,221 [10,581;17,979] | 7720 [5948;11,355] | <0.001 |
| TEAC-ABTS (µmol TE/day) | 6855 [3625;10,336] | 8304 [5844;11,608] | 6130 [3176;10,050] | 0.003 |
| TEAC-ABTS without coffee (µmol TE/day) | 3083 [2321;4828] | 4791 [3417;6665] | 2739 [2037;4002] | <0.001 |
| ORAC (µmol TE/day) | 31,501 [15,818;48,097] | 33,193 [21,398;44,293] | 28,174 [14,444;49,880] | 0.286 |
| ORAC without coffee (µmol TE/day) | 12,042 [8597;16,299] | 14,300 [10,447;19,927] | 11,338 [8040;15,434] | <0.001 |
| Total Polyphenols without coffee (mgGAE/day) | 1519 [1108;2033] | 1760 [1386;2511] | 1433 [1056;1938] | <0.001 |
1 Dietary data were derived from the diet history questionnaire. Missing data: smoking status (n = 1). 2 Student’s t test and Wilcoxon’s test for continuous variables, where appropriate, and chi-square test for categorical variables. TRAP: total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter; FRAP: ferric-reducing antioxidant power; TEAC-ABTS: trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity—Azino Bis Thiazoline Sulfonic; ORAC: oxygen radical absorbance capacity; TE: Trolox equivalents.