Table 4.
Phenolic profiles and total phenolic composition of four microgreen genotypes grown in a growth chamber on a capillary mat substrate under three Se concentrations applied in the nutrient solution.
| Polyphenol (µg g−1 dw) | Coriander | Green basil | Purple basil | Tatsoi | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 µM Se | 8 µM Se | 16 µM Se | Sig. | 0 µM Se | 8 µM Se | 16 µM Se | Sig. | 0 µM Se | 8 µM Se | 16 µM Se | Sig. | 0 µM Se | 8 µM Se | 16 µM Se | Sig. | |
| cichoric acid | nd | nd | nd | na | 841 ± 63.8 b | 2408 ± 26.6 a | 921 ± 30.0 b | *** | 813 ± 58.2 a | 533 ± 24.3 b | 481 ± 16.8 b | ** | nd | nd | nd | na |
| chlorogenic acid | 4504 ± 409 | 4526 ± 247 | 4519 ± 315 | ns | 208 ± 15.2 b | 272 ± 14.8 a | 171 ± 2.61 b | ** | 7.12 ± 0.18 a | 6.78 ± 0.20 a | 2.83 ± 0.29 b | *** | 12.8 ± 1.36 b | 19.4 ± 1.20 a | 12.4 ± 1.43 b | * |
| caffeic acid | 0.67 ± 0.04 b | 0.99 ± 0.05 a | 0.86 ± 0.04 a | ** | 11.2 ± 0.80 b | 17.1 ± 1.01 a | 8.88 ± 0.24 b | *** | 10.89 ± 0.86 a | 6.33 ± 0.43 b | 5.82 ± 0.16 b | *** | 0.70 ± 0.06 c | 0.87 ± 0.02 b | 1.35 ± 0.05 a | *** |
| kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside | nd | nd | nd | na | nd | nd | nd | na | nd | nd | nd | na | 0.66 ± 0.01 c | 2.47 ± 0.17 b | 7.67 ± 0.46 a | *** |
| quercetin-sophoroside | 1.46 ± 0.02 a | 1.23 ± 0.04 b | 0.85 ± 0.02 c | *** | 0.65 ± 0.03 b | 1.49 ± 0.02 a | 0.42 ± 0.03 c | *** | 0.15 ± 0.00 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 b | 0.08 ± 0.00 c | *** | 12.4 ± 0.65 b | 26.0 ± 3.20 a | 23.9 ± 1.47 a | ** |
| caffeic acid hexoside isomers | 39.9 ± 0.68 a | 12.0 ± 0.19 c | 17.7 ± 1.09 b | *** | 6.26 ± 0.71 c | 17.6 ± 0.73 a | 9.45 ± 0.73 b | *** | 13.0 ± 0.62 a | 7.34 ± 0.71 b | 12.0 ± 0.67 a | ** | 212 ± 8.92 b | 194 ± 20.1 b | 367 ± 5.93 a | *** |
| 2-xylosylvitexin | nd | nd | nd | na | nd | nd | nd | na | 5.04 ± 0.56 | 4.12 ± 0.27 | 4.04 ± 0.14 | ns | 0.94 ± 0.08 b | 0.85 ± 0.04 b | 1.23 ± 0.06 a | * |
| kaempferol-3-O(caffeoyl)sophoroside-7-O-glucoside | nd | nd | nd | na | 0.09 ± 0.00 b | 0.15 ± 0.00 a | 0.07 ± 0.01 c | *** | nd | nd | nd | na | 94.6 ± 6.25 b | 93.2 ± 7.66 b | 190 ± 1.88 a | *** |
| isorhamnetin-3-gentiobioside | nd | nd | nd | na | nd | nd | nd | na | nd | nd | nd | na | 18.9 ± 0.96 b | 18.7 ± 0.50 b | 39.2 ± 1.99 a | *** |
| kaempferol-3-O-(coumaroyl)soph-7-O-glucoside | 0.81 ± 0.04 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | *** | 0.01 ± 0.00 c | 0.02 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | *** | 18.8 ± 0.62 a | 8.48 ± 0.25 b | 7.42 ± 0.63 b | *** | 7.09 ± 0.46 b | 7.62 ± 0.38 b | 15.3 ± 1.03 a | *** |
| luteolin-7-O-glucoside | 1.48 ± 0.01 b | 1.47 ± 0.01 b | 1.60 ± 0.05 a | * | 14.0 ± 1.00 b | 31.3 ± 1.19 a | 30.2 ± 1.09 a | *** | 39.6 ± 0.39 a | 24.4 ± 0.67 b | 22.7 ± 0.94 b | *** | 2.18 ± 0.26 b | 2.69 ± 0.14 b | 4.92 ± 0.07 a | *** |
| apigenin-malonil-glucoside | 0.04 ± 0.00 b | 0.05 ± 0.00 b | 0.07 ± 0.00 a | *** | 0.34 ± 0.01 c | 0.76 ± 0.03 a | 0.47 ± 0.02 b | *** | 1.10 ± 0.04 | 0.99 ± 0.02 | 1.04 ± 0.03 | ns | 0.05 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 c | 0.04 ± 0.00 b | *** |
| kaempferol-3-O(feruoyll)sophoroside-7-O-glucoside | 4.65 ± 0.29 a | 0.31 ± 0.01 b | 0.06 ± 0.00 b | *** | 0.03 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 0.03 ± 0.00 a | *** | 0.59 ± 0.04 a | 0.26 ± 0.02 b | 0.27 ± 0.01 b | *** | 42.1 ± 2.54 b | 58.6 ± 3.29 b | 108 ± 7.91 a | *** |
| coumaroyl quinic acid | 3.21 ± 0.06 a | 0.60 ± 0.06 b | 0.10 ± 0.01 c | *** | 0.02 ± 0.00 c | 0.10 ± 0.01 b | 0.14 ± 0.00 a | *** | 0.05 ± 0.00 a | 0.03 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.00 c | *** | 12.3 ± 0.23 b | 15.6 ± 1.21 b | 38.7 ± 1.68 a | *** |
| rutin | 3487 ± 48.9 c | 3857 ± 35.7 b | 4653 ± 86.8 a | *** | 31.2 ± 0.19 a | 13.3 ± 0.57 b | 14.1 ± 0.63 b | *** | 3.42 ± 0.06 | 3.11 ± 0.20 | 3.23 ± 0.05 | ns | 3.16 ± 0.29 b | 1.96 ± 0.05 b | 2.37 ± 0.02 a | ** |
| apigenin-7-O-rutinoside | 0.30 ± 0.02 a | 0.12 ± 0.05 b | 0.01 ± 0.00 c | *** | nd | nd | nd | na | nd | nd | nd | na | 4.55 ± 0.19 c | 6.93 ± 0.31 b | 12.8 ± 0.35 a | *** |
| quercetin-3-O-glucoside | 88.9 ± 5.38 b | 118 ± 2.32 a | 79.8 ± 5.60 b | ** | 4.08 ± 0.03 b | 4.98 ± 0.16 a | 1.61 ± 0.03 c | *** | 39.2 ± 1.02 a | 16.0 ± 0.89 b | 6.83 ± 0.60 c | *** | 0.54 ± 0.00 c | 1.26 ± 0.01 b | 3.30 ± 0.03 a | *** |
| feruloyl quinic acid | 613 ± 11.7 c | 734 ± 34.2 b | 1123 ± 43.3 a | *** | 2.78 ± 0.04 c | 39.6 ± 0.80 a | 9.67 ± 0.17 b | *** | 13.4 ± 1.02 a | 5.99 ± 0.17 b | 5.55 ± 0.15 b | *** | 4.65 ± 0.20 b | 8.48 ± 0.29 a | 4.99 ± 0.40 b | *** |
| rosmarinic acid | nd | nd | nd | na | 10969 ± 765 b | 13025 ± 128 a | 11246 ± 71 b | * | 11532 ± 428 a | 9236 ± 246 b | 9081 ± 176 b | ** | nd | nd | nd | na |
| cirsiliol | nd | nd | nd | na | 44.9 ± 1.44 c | 116 ± 2.17 a | 67.3 ± 0.85 b | *** | 31.9 ± 1.53 a | 18.9 ± 0.49 b | 20.1 ± 0.64 b | *** | nd | nd | nd | na |
| ferulic acid | 32.7 ± 0.97 b | 36.4 ± 0.94 b | 55.8 ± 2.19 a | *** | 25.5 ± 0.54 b | 50.3 ± 2.34 a | 21.6 ± 0.76 b | *** | 36.0 ± 1.29 a | 24.9 ± 0.66 b | 22.0 ± 0.24 b | *** | 0.47 ± 0.01 c | 0.84 ± 0.06 b | 1.02 ± 0.01 a | *** |
| luteolin-3-O-rutinoside | 248 ± 5.90 c | 532 ± 15.5 a | 374 ± 14.6 b | *** | 4.56 ± 0.03 a | 3.99 ± 0.13 b | 2.52 ± 0.06 c | *** | 15.1 ± 0.65 a | 10.4 ± 0.32 b | 10.2 ± 0.59 b | *** | nd | nd | nd | na |
| kaempferol-7-O-glucoside | 3.06 ± 0.13 a | 2.23 ± 0.02 c | 2.65 ± 0.05 b | *** | 2.50 ± 0.13 a | 1.79 ± 0.03 b | 1.74 ± 0.09 b | ** | 13.4 ± 1.15 a | 9.52 ± 0.48 b | 9.23 ± 0.25 b | * | 3.30 ± 0.09 c | 4.02 ± 0.28 b | 8.38 ± 0.15 a | *** |
| dicaffeoylquinic acid | 10.7 ± 1.28 b | 15.6 ± 0.42 a | 9.60 ± 0.35 b | ** | 1.16 ± 0.04 b | 3.09 ± 0.10 a | 2.83 ± 0.13 a | *** | 0.95 ± 0.03 a | 0.67 ± 0.04 b | 0.42 ± 0.04 c | *** | nd | nd | nd | na |
| kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside | 270 ± 9.55 c | 313 ± 4.63 b | 408 ± 9.77 a | *** | 4.48 ± 0.03 b | 3.23 ± 0.14 c | 5.13 ± 0.18 a | *** | 15.1 ± 0.66 a | 10.3 ± 0.34 b | 10.1 ± 0.60 b | *** | 0.10 ± 0.01 c | 0.22 ± 0.01 b | 0.28 ± 0.02 a | *** |
| quercetin-rhamnoside | 0.19 ± 0.02 a | 0.16 ± 0.02 ab | 0.11 ± 0.00 b | * | 52.1 ± 2.81 | 96.7 ± 3.79 | 148 ± 112 | ns | 102 ± 9.49 a | 68.9 ± 1.16 b | 65.0 ± 3.54 b | ** | 0.15 ± 0.01 c | 0.25 ± 0.02 b | 0.33 ± 0.01 a | *** |
| luteolin-malonil-hexose | 0.96 ± 0.08 | 1.04 ± 0.11 | 1.05 ± 0.10 | ns | nd | nd | nd | na | nd | nd | nd | na | 0.83 ± 0.10 b | 0.91 ± 0.05 b | 1.15 ± 0.03 a | * |
| apigenin-7-rhamnoside-4-rutinoside | nd | nd | nd | na | nd | nd | nd | na | nd | nd | nd | na | 7.12 ± 0.36 c | 16.1 ± 0.15 a | 13.2 ± 0.17 b | *** |
| apigenin-7-O-glucoside | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | ns | 31.6 ± 0.27 b | 46.9 ± 2.36 a | 21.2 ± 0.18 c | *** | 5.71 ± 0.43 a | 3.20 ± 0.12 b | 2.96 ± 0.11 b | *** | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | ns |
| Total polyphenols | 9311 ± 385 b | 10154 ± 311 ab | 11246 ± 402 a | * | 12255 ± 818 b | 16154 ± 113 a | 12683 ± 199 b | ** | 12717 ± 489 a | 9999 ± 273 b | 9774 ± 201 b | ** | 441 ± 21 b | 481 ± 26 b | 858 ± 8 a | *** |
ns, *, **, *** Non-significant or significant at p ≤ 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively. Different letters within each column indicate significant mean differences within each genotype according to Duncan’s multiple range tests (p ≤ 0.05). All data are expressed as mean ± SE, n = 3. nd not detected, na not available.