TABLE 2.
The prevalence of selected birth defects, by maternal race/ethnicity and nativity, 1999–2007
| Non-Hispanic white US born |
Non-Hispanic white foreign-born |
Hispanic (total) US born |
Hispanic (total) foreign-born |
Hispanic (Mexican) US born |
Hispanic (Mexican) foreign-born |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Defect | Cases | Preva (95% Cl) | Cases | Preva (95% Cl) | Cases | Preva (95% Cl) | Cases | Preva (95% Cl) | Cases | Preva (95% Cl) | Cases | Preva (95% Cl) |
| Central nervous system | ||||||||||||
| Anencephalus | 558 | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 32 | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 212 | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 345 | 1.6 (1.4–1.7) | 168 | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) | 283 | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) |
| Spina bifida without anencephalus | 2,015 | 3.1 (3.0–3.2) | 111 | 2.3 (1.9–2.8) | 491 | 3.3 (3.0–3.6) | 867 | 4.0 (3.7–4.2) | 343 | 3.3 (3.0–3.7) | 660 | 4.3 (4.0–4.7) |
| Encephalocele | 394 | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 25 | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 120 | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 199 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 79 | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 146 | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) |
| Ear | ||||||||||||
| Anotia/microtia | 752 | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | 63 | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 430 | 2.9 (2.6–3.2) | 712 | 3.2 (3.0–3.5) | 321 | 3.1 (2.8–3.5) | 555 | 3.7 (3.4–4.0) |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||||||||
| Aortic valve stenosis | 1,575 | 2.4 (2.3–2.6) | 87 | 1.8 (1.5–2.2) | 308 | 2.1 (1.8–2.3) | 373 | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | 229 | 2.2 (1.9–2.5) | 286 | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) |
| Atrioventricular septal defect (Endocardial cushion defect)b | 2,501 | 3.9 (3.8–4.1) | 145 | 3.1 (2.6–3.6) | 462 | 3.2 (2.9–3.5) | 674 | 3.2 (3.0–3.4) | 322 | 3.3 (2.9–3.7) | 457 | 3.2 (2.9–3.5) |
| Atrioventricular septal defect (Endocardial cushion defect), without Down syndromeb | 1,086 | 1.7 (1.6–1.8) | 67 | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 280 | 1.9 (1.7–2.2) | 369 | 1.7 (1.6–1.9) | 203 | 2.1 (1.8–2.4) | 258 | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) |
| Coarctation of aorta | 3,514 | 5.4 (5.2–5.6) | 221 | 4.6 (4.0–5.3) | 731 | 4.9 (4.5–5.3) | 955 | 4.4 (4.1–4.6) | 500 | 4.8 (4.4–5.3) | 647 | 4.3 (3.9–4.6) |
| Common truncus | 501 | 0.8 (0.7–0.8) | 25 | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 116 | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 135 | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 83 | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 92 | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) |
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | 1,681 | 2.6 (2.5–2.7) | 105 | 2.2 (1.8–2.7) | 297 | 2.0 (1.8–2.2) | 430 | 2.0 (1.8–2.2) | 195 | 1.9 (1.6–2.2) | 300 | 2.0 (1.8–2.2) |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 2,687 | 4.1 (4.0–4.3) | 150 | 3.1 (2.7–3.7) | 529 | 3.5 (3.2–3.9) | 736 | 3.4 (3.1–3.6) | 356 | 3.5 (3.1–3.8) | 457 | 3.0 (2.7–3.3) |
| Transposition of great arteries | 2,398 | 3.7 (3.6–3.8) | 144 | 3.0 (2.5–3.5) | 473 | 3.2 (2.9–3.5) | 695 | 3.2 (2.9–3.4) | 331 | 3.2 (2.9–3.6) | 471 | 3.1 (2.8–3.4) |
| Orofacial | ||||||||||||
| Cleft lip alone | 6,394 | 9.9 (9.6–10.1) | 337 | 7.0 (6.3–7.8) | 1,569 | 10.5 (10.0–11.0) | 2,127 | 9.7 (9.3–10.1) | 1,177 | 11.4 (10.8–12.1) | 1,532 | 10.1 (9.6–10.6) |
| Cleft palate alone | 4,192 | 6.5 (6.3–6.7) | 222 | 4.6 (4.0–5.3) | 800 | 5.4 (5.0–5.7) | 1,070 | 4.9 (4.6–5.2) | 565 | 5.5 (5.0–5.9) | 762 | 5.0 (4.7–5.4) |
| Gastrointestinal | ||||||||||||
| Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosisb | 12,122 | 19.0 (18.7–19.4) | 433 | 9.2 (8.3–10.1) | 3,224 | 22.4 (21.6–23.2) | 3,317 | 15.7 (15.2–16.2) | 2,218 | 22.6 (21.7–23.6) | 2,188 | 15.2 (14.5–15.8) |
| Esophageal atresia | 1,779 | 2.7 (2.6–2.9) | 117 | 2.4 (2.0–2.9) | 326 | 2.2 (2.0–2.4) | 449 | 2.0 (1.9–2.2) | 207 | 2.0 (1.7–2.3) | 277 | 1.8 (1.6–2.1) |
| Rectal and large intestinal atresiab | 2,767 | 4.3 (4.2–4.5) | 145 | 3.1 (2.6–3.6) | 691 | 4.8 (4.5–5.2) | 954 | 4.5 (4.2–4.8) | 486 | 5.0 (4.5–5.4) | 656 | 4.5 (4.2–4.9) |
| Genitourinary | ||||||||||||
| Hypospadiasb,a | 23,927 | 73.3 (72.4–74.2) | 1,537 | 63.1 (60.0–66.3) | 3,230 | 44.0 (42.5–45.5) | 3,154 | 29.2 (28.2–30.3) | 2,017 | 40.3 (38.6–42.1) | 1,725 | 23.4 (22.3–24.6) |
| Musculoskeletal | ||||||||||||
| Upper limb deficiency | 1,827 | 2.8 (2.7–2.9) | 84 | 1.8 (1.4–2.2) | 501 | 3.4 (3.1–3.7) | 609 | 2.8 (2.6–3.0) | 354 | 3.4 (3.1–3.8) | 456 | 3.0 (2.7–3.3) |
| Lower limb deficiency | 986 | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) | 55 | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 237 | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | 302 | 1.4 (1.2–1.5) | 160 | 1.6 (1.3–1.8) | 206 | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) |
| Any limb deficiency | 2,654 | 4.1 (3.9–4.3) | 139 | 2.9 (2.4–3.4) | 684 | 4.6 (4.2–4.9) | 831 | 3.8 (3.5–4.1) | 469 | 4.5 (4.1–5.0) | 601 | 4.0 (3.6–4.3) |
| Gastroschisisa | 1,828 | 3.2 (3.1–3.4) | 64 | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 900 | 6.2 (5.8–6.6) | 636 | 2.9 (2.7–3.2) | 653 | 6.5 (6.0–7.0) | 464 | 3.1 (2.8–3.4) |
| Omphaloceled,e | 700 | 1.5 (1.3–1.6) | 32 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 215 | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) | 236 | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 154 | 1.6 (1.3–1.8) | 182 | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) |
| Diaphragmatic hernia | 1,634 | 2.5 (2.4–2.6) | 88 | 1.8 (1.5–2.3) | 393 | 2.6 (2.4–2.9) | 597 | 2.7 (2.5–3.0) | 251 | 2.4 (2.1–2.8) | 422 | 2.8 (2.5–3.1) |
| Chromosomal | ||||||||||||
| Trisomy 13 | 552 | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 35 | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 117 | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 197 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 90 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 130 | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) |
| Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) | 8,111 | 12.5 (12.2–12.8) | 528 | 11.0 (10.1–12.0) | 1,643 | 11.0 (10.5–11.5) | 3,362 | 15.3 (14.8–15.9) | 1,133 | 11.0 (10.4–11.6) | 2,364 | 15.6 (15.0–16.2) |
| Trisomy 18 | 962 | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) | 76 | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | 226 | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 360 | 1.6 (1.5–1.8) | 154 | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 272 | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) |
| Central nervous system | ||||||||||||
| Anencephalus | 153 | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 12 | 0.5 (0.2–0.8) | 5 | 1.0 (0.3–2.3) | 36 | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 1,353 | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | ||
| Spina bifida without anencephalus | 434 | 2.8 (2.5–3.1) | 59 | 2.3 (1.8–3.0) | 5 | 1.0 (0.3–2.3) | 55 | 1.3 (0.9–1.6) | 4,037 | 3.1 (3.0–3.2) | ||
| Encephalocele | 181 | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | 16 | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 2 | 0.4 (0.0–1.4) | 17 | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | 954 | 0.7 (0.7–0.8) | ||
| Ear | ||||||||||||
| Anotia/microtia | 106 | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 18 | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 13 | 2.5 (1.3–4.3) | 69 | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | 2,163 | 1.7 (1.6–1.7) | ||
| Cardiovascular | ||||||||||||
| Aortic valve stenosis | 163 | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 29 | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 4 | 0.8 (0.2–2.0) | 56 | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 2,595 | 2.0 (1.9–2.1) | ||
| Atrioventricular septal defect (Endocardial cushion defect)b | 639 | 4.1 (3.8–4.4) | 136 | 5.4 (4.5–6.4) | 16 | 3.2 (1.8–5.2) | 97 | 2.3 (1.8–2.7) | 4,670 | 3.7 (3.6–3.8) | ||
| Atrioventricular septal defect (Endocardial cushion defect), without Down syndromeb | 349 | 2.2 (2.0–2.5) | 53 | 2.1 (1.6–2.7) | 8 | 1.6 (0.7–3.2) | 50 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 2,262 | 1.8 (1.7–1.9) | ||
| Coarctation of aorta | 595 | 3.8 (3.5–4.1) | 117 | 4.6 (3.8–5.5) | 9 | 1.8 (0.8–3.3) | 129 | 2.9 (2.5–3.5) | 6,271 | 4.8 (4.7–5.0) | ||
| Common truncus | 125 | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 21 | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 1 | 0.2 (0.0–1.1) | 10 | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 934 | 0.7 (0.7–0.8) | ||
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | 416 | 2.7 (2.4–2.9) | 63 | 2.5 (1.9–3.2) | 7 | 1.4 (0.5–2.8) | 52 | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 3,051 | 2.4 (2.3–2.4) | ||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 738 | 4.7 (4.4–5.1) | 116 | 4.6 (3.8–5.5) | 26 | 5.1 (3.3–7.4) | 177 | 4.0 (3.5–4.7) | 5,159 | 4.0 (3.9–4.1) | ||
| Transposition of great arteries | 467 | 3.0 (2.7–3.3) | 83 | 3.3 (2.6–4.0) | 25 | 4.9 (3.2–12) | 133 | 3.0 (2.5–3.6) | 4,418 | 3.4 (3.3–3.5) | ||
| Orofacial | ||||||||||||
| Cleft lip with and without cleft palate | 946 | 6.1 (5.7–6.5) | 118 | 4.6 (3.8–5.6) | 53 | 10.3 (7.7–13.5) | 346 | 7.9 (7.1–8.8) | 11,890 | 9.2 (9.0–9.3) | ||
| Cleft palate alone | 666 | 4.3 (3.9–4.6) | 83 | 3.3 (2.6–4.0) | 18 | 3.5 (2.1–5.5) | 252 | 5.8 (5.1–6.5) | 7,303 | 5.6 (5.5–5.8) | ||
| Gastrointestinal | ||||||||||||
| Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosisb | 1,424 | 9.2 (8.7–9.7) | 169 | 6.7 (5.7–7.8) | 28 | 5.6 (3.8–8.2) | 173 | 4.0 (3.4–4.7) | 20,890 | 16.5 (16.3–16.7) | ||
| Esophageal atresia | 303 | 1.9 (1.7–2.2) | 56 | 2.2 (1.7–2.9) | 8 | 1.6 (0.7–3.1) | 62 | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 3,100 | 2.4 (2.3–2.5) | ||
| Rectal and large intestinal atresiab | 590 | 3.8 (3.5–4.1) | 79 | 3.1 (2.5–3.9) | 21 | 4.2 (2.6–6.5) | 176 | 4.1 (3.5–4.7) | 5,423 | 4.3 (4.2–4.4) | ||
| Genitourinary | ||||||||||||
| Hypospadiasb,c | 4,430 | 56.1 (54.4–57.8) | 745 | 58.1 (54.0–62.4) | 129 | 50.6 (42.2–60.1) | 996 | 44.9 (42.1–47.8) | 38,148 | 58.8 (58.2–59.4) | ||
| Musculoskeletal | ||||||||||||
| Upper limb deficiency | 446 | 2.9 (2.6–3.1) | 55 | 2.2 (1.6–2.8) | 9 | 1.8 (0.8–3.3) | 85 | 1.9 (1.6–2.4) | 3,616 | 2.8 (2.7–2.9) | ||
| Lower limb deficiency | 298 | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) | 37 | 1.5 (1.0–2.0) | 3 | 0.6 (0.1–1.7) | 48 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1,966 | 1.5 (1.5–1.6) | ||
| Any limb deficiency | 687 | 4.4 (4.1–4.7) | 89 | 3.5 (2.8–4.3) | 11 | 2.1 (1.1–3.8) | 124 | 2.8 (2.4–3.4) | 5,219 | 4.0 (3.9–4.1) | ||
| Gastroschisisd | 322 | 2.4 (2.1–2.6) | 26 | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 22 | 4.7 (2.9–7.1) | 45 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 3,843 | 3.3 (3.2–3.4) | ||
| Omphaloceled,e | 179 | 1.7 (1.5–2.0) | 29 | 2.0 (1.4–2.9) | 6 | 1.4 (0.5–3.1) | 25 | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) | 1,422 | 1.4 (1.4–1.5) | ||
| Diaphragmatic hernia | 377 | 2.4 (2.2–2.7) | 59 | 2.3 (1.8–3.0) | 13 | 2.5 (1.3–4.3) | 94 | 2.1 (1.7–2.6) | 3,255 | 2.5 (2.4–2.6) | ||
| Chromosomal | ||||||||||||
| Trisomy 13 | 157 | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 40 | 1.6 (1.1–2.1) | 3 | 0.6 (0.1–1.7) | 31 | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 1,132 | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | ||
| Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) | 1,493 | 9.6 (9.1–10.1) | 430 | 16.9 (15.4–18.6) | 56 | 10.9 (8.2–14.2) | 452 | 10.3 (9.4–11.3) | 16,075 | 12.4 (12.2–12.6) | ||
| Trisomy 18 | 294 | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) | 95 | 3.7 (3.0–4.6) | 7 | 1.4 (0.5–2.8) | 61 | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 2,081 | 1.6 (1.5–1.7) | ||
Note. CI = confidence interval, calculated using the exact method.
a
Prevalence per 10,000 live births unless otherwise noted;
b
Arizona data excludes years 2005–2007;
c
Prevalence per 10,000 male live births;
d
Excludes Michigan;
e
Excludes Florida.