TABLE 3.

Adjusted prevalence ratios of selected birth defects for maternal nativity by maternal race/ethnicity, 1999–2007

	Non-Hispanic white foreign-born		Hispanic (total) foreign-born		Hispanic (Mexican) foreign-born		Non-Hispanic black foreign-born		Non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific islander foreign-born
Defect	aPR (95% CI)		aPR (95% CI)		aPR (95% CI)		aPR (95% CI)		aPR (95% CI)
Central nervous system
Anencephalus	1.1 (0.8–1.6)		1.2 (1.0–1.4)		1.2 (1.0–1.4)		1.0 (0.5–2.0)		0.6 (0.2–1.8)
Spina bifida without anencephalus	0.8 (0.7–1.0)		1.2 (1.1–1.4)	↑	1.3 (1.1–1.5)	↑	0.9 (0.7–1.3)		0.6 (0.2–1.9)
Encephalocele	1.2 (0.8–1.8)		1.1 (0.8–1.3)		1.1 (0.9–1.5)		0.6 (0.4–1.1)		0.2 (0.0–0.9)	↓
Ear
Anotia/microtia	1.3 (1.0–1.6)		1.2 (1.1–1.3)	↑	1.2 (1.0–1.4)		1.5 (0.8–2.7)		0.3 (0.2–0.5)	↓
Cardiovascular
Aortic valve stenosis	0.9 (0.7–1.1)		0.9 (0.7–1.0)		0.9 (0.7–1.0)		1.1 (0.7–1.7)		0.5 (0.2–1.5)
Atrioventricular septal defect (Endocardial cushion defect)a	0.8 (0.6–0.9)	↓	1.0 (0.9–1.1)		0.9 (0.8–1.1)		1.0 (0.8–1.3)		0.5 (0.3–1.0)
Atrioventricular septal defect (Endocardial cushion defect), without Down syndromea	1.0 (0.8–1.2)		0.9 (0.8–1.1)		0.9 (0.7–1.1)		0.9 (0.7–1.3)		0.5 (0.2–1.1)
Coarctation of aorta	0.9 (0.8–1.0)		0.9 (0.8–1.0)		0.9 (0.8–1.0)		1.0 (0.8–1.3)		1.0 (0.5–2.0)
Common truncus	0.9 (0.6–1.3)		0.8 (0.6–1.0)		0.7 (0.5–1.0)		1.3 (0.8–2.2)		0.1 (0.0–2.2)
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome	1.0 (0.8–1.2)		1.0 (0.8–1.1)		1.0 (0.8–1.2)		0.8 (0.6–1.1)		0.6 (0.2–1.5)
Tetralogy of Fallot	0.8 (0.7–0.9)	↓	0.9 (0.8–1.0)		0.9 (0.7–1.0)		0.9 (0.7–1.1)		0.6 (0.4–0.9)	↓
Transposition of great arteries	0.8 (0.7–1.0)		0 (0.9–1.1)		1.0 (0.8–1.1)		1.0 (0.7–1.2)		0.6 (0.4–1.0)
Orofacial
Cleft lip with and without cleft palate	0.8 (0.7–0.9)	↓	1.0 (0.9–1.0)		0.9 (0.8–1.0)		0.8 (0.7–1.0)		0.8 (0.6–1.1)
Cleft palate alone	0.7 (0.7–0.9)	↓	0.9 (0.8–1.0)		0.9 (0.8–1.0)		0.8 (0.6–1.0)		1.0 (0.6–1.6)
Gastrointestinal
Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosisa	0.5 (0.5–0.6)	↓	0.7 (0.7–0.8)	↓	0.7 (0.7–0.8)	↓	0.6 (0.5–0.7)	↓	0.6 (0.4–0.8)	↓
Esophageal atresia	0.9 (0.8–1.1)		0.9 (0.8–1.0)		0.9 (0.7–1.1)		1.3 (0.9–1.8)		0.6 (0.3–1.3)
Rectal and large intestinal atresiaa	0.7 (0.6–0.9)	↓	1.0 (0.9–1.1)		0.9 (0.8–1.1)		0.8 (0.7–1.1)		0.7 (0.4–1.1)
Genitourinary
Hypospadiasa,b	0.9 (0.8–0.9)		0.6 (0.6–0.7)		0.6 (0.6–0.7)		1.0 (0.9–1.1)		0.9 (0.7–1.1)
Musculoskeletal
Upper limb deficiency	0.7 (0.6–0.9)	↓	0.9 (0.8–1.0)		0.9 (0.8–1.1)		1.0 (0.7–1.3)		0.6 (0.3–1.4)
Lower limb deficiency	0.9 (0.7–1.2)		0.9 (0.8–1.1)		1.0 (0.8–1.2)		1.0 (0.7–1.4)		0.3 (0.1–1.1)
Any limb deficiency	0.8 (0.7–0.9)	↓	0.9 (0.8–1.0)		0.9 (0.8–1.1)		1.0 (0.8–1.2)		0.7 (0.3–1.4)
Gastroschisisc	0.7 (0.5–0.9)	↓	0.7 (0.6–0.7)	↓	0.6 (0.6–0.7)	↓	0.9 (0.6–1.4)		0.4 (0.2–0.7)	↓
Omphalocelec,d	0.8 (0.5–1.1)		0.9 (0.7–1.0)		0.9 (0.7–1.1)		1.2 (0.8–1.8)		0.1 (0.0–0.4)	↓
Diaphragmatic hernia	0.8 (0.7–1.0)		1.0 (0.9–1.2)		1.1 (1.0–1.3)		1.2 (0.9–1.6)		0.8 (0.4–1.5)
Chromosomal
Trisomy 13	0.9 (0.7–1.3)		0.9 (0.7–1.2)		0.9 (0.6–1.1)		1.6 (1.1–2.4)	↑	0.3 (0.1–1.1)
Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)	0.8 (0.7–0.9)	↓	1.2 (1.1–1.3)	↑	1.2 (1.1–1.3)	↑	1.1 (1.0–1.3)		0.9 (0.6–1.1)
Trisomy 18	1.1 (0.8–1.3)		0.9 (0.8–1.1)		1.0 (0.8–1.3)		1.4 (1.1–1.8)	↑	0.4 (0.2–1.1)

Note. aPR = adjusted Prevalence Ratio. Adjusted for Maternal Age (<20, 20–34, 35+) and State. Reference group is US-born in each race/ethnic group. 95% CI = confidence interval for prevalence ratio calculated by SAS GENMOD (Wald 95% CI).

^aArizona data excludes years 2005–2007.

^bAmong male live births.

^cExcludes Michigan.

^dExcludes Florida.