Table 10.
Roles of the eight antigens investigated in this study. Literature review of the physiological roles of the antigens, and their roles in cancer and glioma.
| Antigen | Physiological role | Role in cancer | Role in glioma |
|---|---|---|---|
| TRIM28 | – E3 ubiquitin ligase30
- Gene repressor31 - Sumo E3 ligase32 - DNA repair31 |
– Cooperation with MDM2 to promote p53 ubiquitylation and degradation30
- Overexpression linked to growth promotion of non–small-cell lung cancer33 |
– Positively correlated with malignancy, and overexpression linked to poor survival34 |
| TUFM | – Mitochondrial elongation factor35
- Promotes autophagy35 |
– Overexpression in colorectal cancer36
- Potential prognostic marker in colorectal cancer37 |
– Up-regulated in glioblastoma cells38 |
| NUCL | – Regulation of Pol l transcription39
- Correct folding of pre-rRNA39 - Histone chaperone39 |
– Blocks apoptosis in cancer cells40
- Overexpression related to disease progression for ErbB2-positive breast cancer patients41 |
– Up-regulated in glioma cell line42
- Knockdown of NUCL gene in glioblastoma cell lines linked do decreased cell proliferation42 |
| VIM | – Type III intermediate filament43
- Role in early stages of brain development44 |
– Marker of epithelial to mesenchymal transition43
- Linked to invasive type of gastric carcinoma43 |
– High expression linked to poor survival45 |
| DPYSL2 | – Role in microtubule formation46
- Regulates dendrite and axon growth and retraction47 |
– Decreased expression in breast cancer48 | – Expression of CRMP2 and its phosphorylation promotes glioblastoma proliferation49 |
| CRMP1 | – Axon growth and branching during neuronal development50
- Microtubule dynamics51 |
– Decreases cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells52
- Metastasis suppressor of prostate cancer50 |
– Loss of CRMP1 in EGFRvIII glioblastoma is linked to more aggressive phenotype53 |
| NAP1L1 | – Nucleosome assembly54
- Histone chaperone55 - Regulator of neuronal differentiation54 |
– Overexpression in small intestinal carcinoid56 | – Up-regulated in glioblastoma57 |
| ALYREF | – mRNA export (part of exon junction complex)58 | – Down-regulated in high grade tumours (thyroid, bladder, stomach)59
- Up-regulated in high grade serous ovarian carcinoma cancer cells and cancer stem cells60 |
– Up-regulated in glioblastoma22,61
- Overexpression linked to reduced survival61 - siRNA knockdown in U251 cells does not affect survival and proliferation61 |
ALYREF, Aly/REF export factor; CRMP1, collapsin response mediator protein 1; DPYSL2, dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2; EGFRvIII, epidermal growth factor receptor variant III; MDM2, human murine double minute 2; NAP1L1, nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 1; NUCL, nucleolin; siRNA, small interfering RNA; TRIM28, tripartite motif containing 28 protein; TUFM, mitochondrial translation elongation factor (EF-TU); VIM, vimentin.