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. 2020 May 13;21:298. doi: 10.1186/s12891-020-03330-1

Table 2.

Means and frequencies of each predictor variable in each sample in order of model entry

All figures are n (%) unless otherwise indicated Chronic Low Back Pain (n = 852) Chronic Neck Pain (n = 705) p-value for difference between groups
Mean (SD) # chiropractic visits/month 2.3 (2.2) 2.3 (2.0) .900
Enabling factors
 Some insurance coverage for chiropractic 590 (69.2%) 475 (67.4%) .520
 Unknown insurance coverage 44 (5.2%) 28 (4.0%)
Need factors – pain characteristics
 Rating of pain past 7 days (0–10), mean (SD) 3.7 (2.1) 4.0 (2.1) .004
 Oswestry or Neck Disability Index score (0–100), mean (SD) 20.5 (12.5) 22.6 (12.5) .001
 Have both CLBP and CNP 444 (52.1%) 428 (60.7%) .001
Years of pain .278
 Less than 1 year 107 (12.6%) 80 (11.3%)
 1 year to less than 2 years 58 (6.8%) 38 (5.4%)
 2 years to less than 5 years 115 (13.5%) 112 (15.9%)
 5 years to less than 10 years 134 (15.7%) 133 (18.9%)
 10+ years 418 (49.1%) 324 (46.0%)
 Unknown 20 (2.3%) 18 (2.6%)
Need factors – lifestyle and point in care
 No heavy labor 401 (47.1%) 375 (53.2%) .063
 Non-workday heavy labor: > 0% but < 20% 108 (12.7%) 68 (9.6%)
  Workday heavy labor: > 0% but < 20% 163 (19.1%) 140 (19.9%)
 Non-workday heavy labor: > 20% 30 (3.5%) 15 (2.1%)
 Workday heavy labor: > 20% 87 (10.2%) 58 (8.2%)
 Heavy labor: missing 63 (7.4%) 49 (7.0%)
 New patient (< 30 days) 94 (11.0%) 73 (10.4%) .763
 Unknown time with this chiropractor 145 (17.0%) 113 (16.0%)
 Ended care during study period 57 (6.7%) 29 (4.1%) 0.027
Perceived need factors – goals for treatment .001
 Goal: prevent pain getting worse 120 (14.1%) 84 (11.9%)
 Goal: prevent pain coming back; prevent reinjury 178 (20.9%) 107 (15.2%)
 Goal: ease or make pain go away temporarily 268 (31.5%) 290 (41.1%)
 Goal: make pain go away permanently 276 (32.4%) 218 (30.9%)
 Goal: other or missing 10 (1.2%) 6 (0.9%)
Perceived need factors – pain beliefs
 Believe their pain is chronic 572 (67.1%) 474 (67.2%) .967
 What pain would be if didn’t see chiropractor 0–10, mean (SD) 6.8 (2.3) 6.9 (2.2) .179
 Chronic pain will never go away: agree/strongly agree 235 (27.6%) 198 (28.1%) <.001
 Important to understand causes of pain: agree/strongly agree 801 (94.0%) 669 (94.9%) .452
 Unsafe to be physically active: agree/strongly agree 53 (6.2%) 25 (3.5%) .016
Perceived need factors – other psychological influences
 Pain management self-efficacy (0–10), mean (SD) 7.5 (1.8) 7.7 (1.7) .061
 Expect chiropractic very-extremely successful 611 (71.7%) 542 (76.9%) .021
 Expect a lot to quite a bit of improvement 538 (63.1%) 447 (63.4%) .916
 Worry about pain: mod to all the time 152 (17.8%) 116 (16.5%) .471
 Has depression according to PROMIS items 215 (25.2%) 188 (26.7%) .521
 Catastrophizing (0–12 scale), mean (SD) 2.3 (2.3) 2.2 (2.3) .389
Predisposing factors
 Age in years 48.5 (14.9) 45.8 (13.2) <.001
 Female 558 (65.5%) 579 (82.1%) <.001
 Education: At least a 4-year degree 462 (54.2%) 413 (58.6%) .085
Chiropractor practice characteristics
 Average number of patients treated per day 25.3 (12.8) 25.6 (12.3) .612
 Percentage of patients on preventive/maintenance 23.7 (17.3) 24.1 (17.4) .660
 In practice 5 to 10 years 100 (11.7%) 84 (11.9%) .598
 In practice > 10 to 20 years 268 (31.5%) 222 (31.5%)
 In practice > 20 to 30 years 258 (30.3%) 231 (32.8%)
 In practice > 30 years 226 (26.5%) 168 (23.8%)
 Clinic location is urban (> 50,000 population) 541 (63.5%) 477 (67.7%) .086
 Average number of physical modalities used 3.3 (1.4) 3.2 (1.4) .849
College from which chiropractor graduated .344
 Life College 79 (9.3%) 63 (8.9%)
 National College of Chiropractic [fix order later] 46 (5.4%) 42 (6.0%)
 Los Angeles College of Chiropractic 28 (3.3%) 29 (4.1%)
 New York Chiropractic College 90 (10.6%) 54 (7.7%)
 Northwestern Chiropractic College 212 (24.9%) 199 (28.2%)
 Palmer Chiropractic College 106 (12.4%) 94 (13.3%)
 Parker Chiropractic College 73 (8.6%) 45 (6.4%)
 Texas Chiropractic College 81 (9.5%) 58 (8.2%)
 University of Western States 106 (12.4%) 97 (13.8%)
 Other 31 (3.6%) 24 (3.4%)
State/Region .038
 California 130 (15.3%) 125 (17.7%)
 Florida 71 (8.3%) 56 (7.9%)
 Minnesota 208 (24.4%) 199 (28.2%)
 New York 155 (18.2%) 99 (14.0%)
 Oregon 117 (13.7%) 111 (15.7%)
 Texas 171 (20.1%) 115 (16.3%)