Table 3.
Multilevel regression coefficients for the prediction of children’s social developmental (dichotomized DESK stanine scores)
| 3-year-olds (n = 816) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| predictors | b | SE b | 95% CI | p |
| sex | −0.053944 | 0.022676 | −0.098460, −0.009427 | 0.018 |
| Native language | 0.172885 | 0.067545 | 0.040289, 0.305481 | 0.011 |
| Regularity of preschool attendance | 0.002057 | 0.061894 | −0.119439, 0.123552 | 0.973 |
| Presence of a disability or chronic disease | 0.206242 | 0.084848 | 0.039674, 0.372810 | 0.015 |
| DESK-score in language and cognition | 0.093511 | 0.025405 | 0.059371, 0.165191 | < 0.0001 |
| DESK-score in fine motor | 0.031455 | 0.022107 | 0.007933, 0.124715 | 0.155 |
| DESK-score in gross motor | 0.111811 | 0.042800 | 0.052802, 0.236766 | 0.009 |
| 4-year-olds (n = 999) | ||||
| predictors | b | SEb | 95% CI | p |
| sex | −0.078674 | 0.021819 | −0.121493, −0.035855 | < 0.0001 |
| Native language | 0.073159 | 0.056233 | −0.037198, 0.183515 | 0.194 |
| Regularity of preschool attendance | −0.115827 | 0.052727 | −0.219300, − 0.012355 | 0.028 |
| Presence of a disability or chronic disease | 0.107762 | 0.052266 | 0.005192, 0.210332 | 0.039 |
| DESK-score in language and cognition | 0.093928 | 0.022850 | 0.058307, 0.151311 | < 0.0001 |
| DESK-score in fine motor | 0.059525 | 0.022037 | 0.028812, 0.122978 | 0.007 |
| DESK-score in gross motor | 0.071763 | 0.030772 | 0.030968, 0.166301 | 0.020 |
| 15/6-year-olds (n = 1761) | ||||
| predictors | b | SEb | 95% CI | p |
| sex | −0.067084 | 0.015158 | −0.096815, −0.037353 | < 0.0001 |
| Native language | 0.043453 | 0.036386 | −0.027914, 0.114820 | 0.233 |
| Regularity of preschool attendance | −0.047334 | 0.036277 | −0.118487, 0.023818 | 0.192 |
| Presence of a disability or chronic disease | 0.183973 | 0.038899 | 0.107679, 0.260266 | < 0.0001 |
| DESK-score in language and cognition | 0.037937 | 0.010529 | 0.022020, 0.065357 | < 0.0001 |
| DESK-score in fine motor | 0.073800 | 0.020807 | 0.042469, 0.128245 | < 0.0001 |
| DESK-score in gross motor | 0.067903 | 0.022587 | 0.035379, 0.130326 | 0.003 |
Notes
Outcome variable: dichotomized DESK-Score in the social development (Coding: 0 = no finding (Stanine score between 3 and 9), 1 = reasonable findings or inconclusive finding (Stanine score of 1 or 2))
Predictor variables: (1.) sex (Coding: 1 = boys, 2 = girls), (2.) the regularity of preschool attendance (Coding: 0 = unregular attendance, 1 = regular attendance), (3.) the native language (Coding: 1 = German, 2 = Non-German), (4.) presence of a chronic disease or disability (Coding: 0 = no, 1 = yes) and (5.) the dichotomized DESK stanine score for language and cognition (Coding: 0 = no finding (Stanine score between 3 and 9), 1 = reasonable findings or inconclusive finding (Stanine score of 1 or 2)) (6.) the dichotomized DESK stanine score for fine motor (Coding: 0 = no finding (Stanine score between 3 and 9), 1 = reasonable findings or inconclusive finding (Stanine score of 1 or 2)) (7.) the dichotomized DESK stanine score for gross motor (Coding: 0 = no finding (Stanine score between 3 and 9), 1 = reasonable findings or inconclusive finding (Stanine score of 1 or 2))