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. 2020 May 14;20:684. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-08842-y

Table 3.

Toxic stressors as a determinant of Decline in Self-Rated Health (QOL) over 8 years in the Overall Sample and Within Race/Ethnicity Stratum

2008 2010 2012 2014 Stress Time*Stress Race*Time*Stress
Toxic Stress Domain Odds Ratio (95% CI) Odds Ratio (95% CI) Odds Ratio (95% CI) Odds Ratio (95% CI) P-value P-value P-value
Recent Stressors
Entire Sample Regardless of Race
 0 vs 2+ Recent stressors 1.04 (0.68, 1.60) 1.08 (0.67, 1.74) 0.74 (0.44, 1.26) 0.68 (0.37, 1.23) 0.7799 0.359 0.0809
 1 vs 2+ Recent stressors 1.14 (0.70, 1.88) 0.99 (0.57, 1.73) 0.66 (0.37, 1.18) 0.73 (0.37, 1.42)
Among Older White Americans
 0 vs 2+ Recent stressors 0.76 (0.53, 1.09) 0.94 (0.65, 1.35) 1.03 (0.70, 1.53) 0.95 (0.63, 1.43) 0.5461 0.1286 n/a
 1 vs 2+ Recent stressors 0.97 (0.66, 1.43) 0.99 (0.66, 1.49) 1.01 (0.65, 1.56) 1.07 (0.67, 1.69)
Among Older African Americans
 0 vs 2+ Recent stressors 1.11 (0.51, 2.42) 0.87 (0.36, 2.08) 0.38 (0.15, 0.99) 0.42 (0.14, 1.23) 0.4727 0.033 n/a
 1 vs 2+ Recent stressors 0.77 (0.34, 1.79) 0.79 (0.31, 2.02) 0.40 (0.15, 1.10) 0.56 (0.18, 1.77)
Among Older Other race
 0 vs 2+ Recent stressors 1.34 (0.51, 3.51) 1.55 (0.52, 4.57) 1.02 (0.30, 3.49) 0.81 (0.21, 3.16) 0.6733 0.5895 n/a
 1 vs 2+ Recent stressors 2.00 (062, 6.43) 1.26 (0.34, 4.65) 0.70 (0.18, 2.82) 0.64 (0.13, 3.11)
Life-course stressors
Entire Sample Regardless of Race
 0 vs 3+ life-course stressors 0.81 (0.59, 1.12) 0.79 (0.55 1.12) 0.77 (0.53, 1.12) 0.62 (0.42, 0.92) 0.1863 0.1227 0.1173
 1 vs 3+ life-course stressors 0.67 (0.49, 0.92) 0.97 (0.69, 1.35) 0.94 (0.67, 1.32) 0.69 (0.48, 0.99)
 2 vs 3+ life-course stressors 0.87 (0.62, 1.22) 0.95 (0.67, 1.36) 0.84 (0.57, 1.19) 0.63 (0.42, 0.95)
Among Older White Americans
 0 vs 3+ life-course stressors 0.76 (0.62, 0.92) 0.78 (0.64, 0.97) 0.73 (0.58, 0.91) 0.86 (0.68, 1.10) 0.0063 0.6654 n/a
 1 vs 3+ life-course stressors 0.72 (0.61, 0.87) 0.79 (0.66, 0.96) 0.71 (0.58, 0.87) 0.85 (0.68, 1.09)
 2 vs 3+ life-course stressors
0.80 (0.66, 0.96) 0.92 (0.76, 1.12) 0.86 (0.69, 1.07) 0.98 (0.78, 1.24)
Among Older African Americans
 0 vs 3+ life-course stressors 0.88 (0.56, 1.42) 0.69 (0.43, 1.12) 0.48 (0.29, 0.79) 0.47 (0.27, 0.83) 0.0828 0.3159 n/a
 1 vs 3+ life-course stressors 0.75 (0.46, 1.20) 0.72 (0.45, 1.15) 0.73 (0.44, 1.20) 0.59 (0.33, 1.04)
 2 vs 3+ life-course stressors 0.72 (0.45, 1.14) 0.83 (0.51, 1.36) 0.80 (0.47, 1.35) 0.72 (0.41, 1.26)
Among Older Other race
 0 vs 3+ life-course stressors 0.80 (0.35, 1.83) 0.90 (0.35, 2.27) 1.24 (0.46, 3.33) 0.59 (0.22, 1.61) 0.9943 0.0204 n/a
 1 vs 3+ life-course stressors 0.55 (0.25, 1.23) 1.58 (0.67, 3.75) 1.58 (0.66, 3.75) 0.66 (0.27, 1.65)
 2 vs 3+ life-course stressors 1.15 (0.48, 2.77) 1.12 (0.44, 2.86) 0.83 (0.33, 2.04) 0.36 (0.12, 1.04)
Cumulative stressors
Entire Sample Regardless of Race
 0 vs 3+ Cumulative stressors 0.83 (0.60, 1.15) 0.76 (0.54, 1.08) 0.75 (0.51, 1.11) 0.68 (0.45, 1.01) 0.361 0.1035 0.0282
 1 vs 3+ Cumulative stressors 0.77 (0.56, 1.07) 1.24 (0.89, 1.74) 1.06 (0.74, 1.51) 0.86 (0.59, 1.24)
 2 vs 3+ Cumulative stressors 0.95 (0.69, 1.32) 1.03 (0.73, 1.46) 0.85 (0.61, 1.19) 0.83 (0.56, 1.23)
Among Older White Americans
 0 vs 3+ Cumulative stressors 0.73 (0.60, 0.89) 0.79 (0.64, 0.98) 0.78 (0.62, 0.98) 0.82 (0.65, 1.05) 0.0091 0.8348 n/a
 1 vs 3+ Cumulative stressors 0.74 (0.62, 0.88) 0.79 (0.66, 0.96) 0.76 (0.62, 0.92) 0.89 (0.71, 1.11)
 2 vs 3+ Cumulative stressors 0.83 (0.70, 0.99) 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) 0.92 (0.74, 1.13) 0.98 (0.79, 1.23)
Among Older African Americans
 0 vs 3+ Cumulative stressors 1.04 (0.65, 1.66) 0.69 (0.43, 1.11) 0.44 (0.27, 0.74) 0.45 (0.26, 0.79) 0.0934 0.1424 n/a
 1 vs 3+ Cumulative 0.84 (0.53, 1.33) 0.83 (0.53, 1.31) 0.71 (0.43, 1.16) 0.56 (0.32, 0.97)
 stressors
 2 vs 3+ Cumulative stressors 1.04 (0.66, 1.63) 0.91 (0.56, 1.48) 0.76 (0.46, 1.26) 0.82 (0.46, 1.44)
Among Older Other race
 0 vs 3+ Cumulative stressors 0.76 (0.33, 1.75) 0.82 (0.33, 2.02) 1.34 (0.54, 3.29) 0.83 (0.29, 2.33) 0.452 0.0973 n/a
 1 vs 3+ Cumulative stressors 0.75 (0.33, 1.72) 2.93 (1.22, 7.08) 2.23 (0.90, 5.55) 1.27 (0.51, 3.20)
 2 vs 3+ Cumulative stressors 1.00 (0.43, 2.33) 1.28 (0.52, 3.17) 0.89 (0.38, 2.08) 0.72 (0.26, 1.98)

Notes: CI confidence interval. Odds Ratios in bold are statistically significant. Models adjusted for race, age, sex, education, marital status, BMI, cigarette use, alcohol consumption and interaction terms for race*time, stress*time as well as three -way terms for race*stress*time