. 2020 Apr 20;9(4):334. doi: 10.3390/antiox9040334

Table 4.

Antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP) and antihyperglycemic (α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase) and antimicrobial activities of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts from Pinus pinaster bark.

Antioxidant Activity
Extract	PB 0%	PB 30%	PB 50%	PB 70%	PB 90%	Trolox
DPPH IC₅₀ (µg/mL)	99.96 ± 0.1 ^a	73.11 ± 0.0 ^b	49.74 ± 0.1 ^c	55.04 ± 0.1 ^c	100.1 ± 0.1 ^a	10.81 ± 0.1 ^d
ABTS IC₅₀ (µg/mL)	106.61 ± 8.0 ^a	89.18 ± 0.9 ^b	59.41 ± 2.1 ^c	65.57 ± 5.0 ^c	112.1 ± 9.5 ^a	23.15 ± 4.0 ^d
FRAP (mmol Fe²⁺/g PBE)	101.9 ± 0.3 ^a	112.4 ± 1.4 ^b	138.5 ± 4.0 ^c	122.9 ± 4.6 ^d	101.3 ± 1.2 ^a	136.1 ± 1.0 ^c
Antihyperglycemic Activity
Extract	PB 0%	PB 30%	PB 50%	PB 70%	PB 90%	Acarbose
α-Amylase IC₅₀ (µg/mL)	531.5 ± 5.4 ^a	536.4 ± 7.1 ^a	546.3 ± 2.9 ^a	254.2 ± 9.2 ^b	300.3 ± 3.9 ^b	35.42 ± 1.0 ^c
α-Glucosidase IC₅₀ (µg/mL)	166.2 ± 1.1 ^a	132.8 ± 10.8 ^b	122.7 ± 11.3 ^b	138.4 ± 7.4 ^b	162.8 ± 3.7 ^a	11000 ± 1.0 ^c
Antimicrobial Activity (expressed in zone of inhibition, mm)
Extract	PB 0%	PB 30%	PB 50%	PB 70%	PB 90%	LX
A. brasiliensis	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	12.5 ± 1.2
S. cerevisiae	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	39.6 ± 4.2
C. albicans	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	24.8 ± 0.0
C. perfringens	12.7 ± 0.2	13 ± 0.7	13.0 ± 0.2	13.0 ± 0.2	12.7 ± 0.4	18.5 ± 0.8
B. cereus	9.6 ± 0.2	10.2 ± 0.0	9.9 ± 0.1	10.8 ± 0.1	10.3 ± 0.2	12.5 ± 2.6
S. aureus	9.4 ± 0.2	10.1 ± 0.1	9.7 ± 0.2	10.1 ± 0.3	10.2 ± 0.1	12.5 ± 0.5
L. monocytogenes	7.4 ± 0.0	7.8 ± 0.0	7.9 ± 0.6	8.7 ± 0.7	8.3 ± 0.6	9.8 ± 0.3
E. coli	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	11.4 ± 0.8
Salmonella Enteritidis	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	12.3 ± 1.2

Values are expressed as mean ± SD of 3–4 experiments. LX: commercial solution of sodium hypochlorite; n.d.: not detected. Different letters show significant differences (p < 0.05) between groups for the same experiment.