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. 2020 Apr 17;9(4):327. doi: 10.3390/antiox9040327

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Vitamin D pleiotropic effects on anti-inflammatory (A) and antioxidant (B) signaling pathways and mechanisms (see text for details). FoxO (Forkhead box-O); FoxP (Forkhead box-P);; JAK (Janus kinase); IL (interleukin); INFγ (interferon-gamma); MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase); mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin); NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells); NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells); NOX (NADPH oxidase); Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2); RhoA (RhoA GTPase); ROCK (Rho-associated protein kinase); ROS (reactive oxygen species); SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1); SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling-3); SOD (superoxide dismutase); STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription); TLR (toll-like receptor); TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha); γδ T (gamma-delta T cells); M1 (M1 macrophages); Th (T helper cells); tolDCs (tolerogenic dendritic cells); Treg (regulatory T cells).