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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Oxidative stress agents generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are counteracted by antioxidant enzymes. An excess of oxidative stress leads to cellular damage, which can trigger pathways for either cell survival or cell death.