Figure 1.

Experimental scheme. The experiment was based on a crossover double-blind design. The participants engaged in the treadmill exercise for 60 min with 70% maximal oxygen consumption (${\dot{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_{2\max }$) intensity, followed by 90% ${\dot{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_{2\max }$ until exhaustion. The indicated fluid was ingested at a rate of 600 mL/h (150 mL/15 min) before and after exhaustive endurance exercise. The participants’ BW information and blood samples were collected at indicated time points. LCS, low-osmolality carbohydrate–electrolyte solution; Pre, Pre-exercise; Post-0, Immediately after exercise; Post-60, 60 min after exercise; Post-120, 120 min after exercise.