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Serum level of cytokines in dogs infected with T. cruzi and treated with DNA vaccines. An ELISA was performed at 3 h after each treatment to evaluate the serum levels (absorbance in optical density at 405 nm) of each cytokine in dogs. (a) IL-1 alpha, (b) IL-6, (c) IL-12, (d) IFN-gamma, and (e) TNF-alpha. Post 2nd treatment: 30 days after infection; post 3rd treatment: 45 days after infection. The values represent the average of triplicate assays ± S.D. (∗P ≤ 0.05).
