Table 9.
Effect of sodium fluoride (NaF) and/or M. Oleifera (MO) on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (U/g tissue) in tissue homogenates of O. niloticus gills, liver, kidney, and muscle.
| Groups | Period of Exposure | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd Week | 4th Week | 6th Week | 8th Week | ||
| Gills | |||||
| CTR | 1.45 + 0.005 B a,b | 1.42 + 0.005 C b | 1.47 + 0.005 B b | 1.51 + 0.009 A b | 0.037 |
| NaF | 1.42 + 0.008 A a,b | 1.39 + 0.008 B b | 1.32 + 0.017 C c | 1.20 + 0.025 D d | 0.021 |
| NaF + MO | 1.39 + 0.008 A b | 1.40 + 0.001 A b | 1.37 + 0.008 A c | 1.38 + 0.014 A c | 0.072 |
| MO | 1.46 + 0.043 D a | 1.51 + 0.023 C a | 1.58 + 0.024 B a | 1.67 + 0.020 A a | 0.001 |
| p value | 0.023 | 0.019 | 0.008 | 0.009 | |
| Liver | |||||
| CTR | 4.73 + 0.011 A,B a | 4.71 + 0.048 B a | 4.73 + 0.024 A,B b | 4.82 + 0.023 A b | 0.046 |
| NaF | 4.64 + 0.006 A a | 4.48 + 0.023 B b | 4.26 + 0.025 C d | 4.00 + 0.071 D d | 0.001 |
| NaF + MO | 4.67 + 0.008 A a | 4.55 + 0.041 B b | 4.57 + 0.018 A,B c | 4.62 + 0.020 A,B c | 0.032 |
| MO | 4.75 + 0.010 C a | 4.80 + 0.005 C a | 4.92 + 0.020 B a | 5.28 + 0.015 A a | 0.026 |
| p value | 0.089 | 0.026 | 0.024 | 0.011 | |
| Kidney | |||||
| CTR | 3.88 + 0.017 A a | 3.82 + 0.027 A,B b | 3.82 + 0.015 B b | 3.88 + 0.014 A b | 0.041 |
| NaF | 3.85 + 0.009 A a | 3.78 + 0.005 B b | 3.73 + 0.005 B c | 3.66 + 0.006 C d | 0.010 |
| NaF + MO | 3.86 + 0.020 A a | 3.83 + 0.015 A,B b | 3.77 + 0.009 B b,c | 3.79 + 0.018 B c | 0.038 |
| MO | 3.88 + 0.012 C a | 3.93 + 0.003 C a | 4.03 + 0.026 B a | 4.16 + 0.025 A a | 0.018 |
| p value | 0.073 | 0.044 | 0.028 | 0.038 | |
| Muscle | |||||
| CTR | 6.81 + 0.011 B,C a | 6.78 + 0.012 C b | 6.85 + 0.015 A,B b | 6.87 + 0.023 A b | 0.036 |
| NaF | 6.77 + 0.005 A a,b | 6.72 + 0.003 A c | 6.65 + 0.006 B d | 6.59 + 0.005 C d | 0.033 |
| NaF + MO | 6.75 + 0.005 A a,b | 6.76 + 0.010 A b,c | 6.79 + 0.005 A c | 6.78 + 0.020 A c | 0.078 |
| MO | 6.80 + 0.012 C a | 6.84 + 0.008 C a | 6.92 + 0.020 B a | 6.98 + 0.029 A a | 0.011 |
| p value | 0.039 | 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.011 | |
Different superscript small letters within the same column indicate significantly different mean values between different groups. Different superscript capital letters within the same row indicate significantly different mean values between different periods of exposure. CTR, control; NaF, sodium fluoride (6.1 mg/L.); NaF + MO, sodium fluoride (6.1 mg/L) + Moringa oleifera extract (1% in ration); MO, M. oleifera extract (1% in ration).