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. 2019 Nov 12;67(2):247–261. doi: 10.1007/s12630-019-01525-2

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© Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society 2019

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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E-PROSPECT PRISMA flow diagram. Selection criteria: (1) full economic evaluation (cost-minimization, cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, cost-utility) conducted alongside clinical studies or via economic modeling, (2) the study described hospitalized patients, (3) the study included probiotics as a treatment, (4) the study described drug acquisition costs, the costs of providing prophylaxis, costs of complications, (5) the study described the effect of prophylaxis with respect to one of our clinical outcomes of interest including VAP, CDAD and antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD)