Table 1.
Demographics of the study groups
| No frailty (n = 3245) | Low frailty (n = 2913) | Intermediate frailty (n = 649) | High frailty (n = 91) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 42 (31–54) | 63 (52–74) | 72 (63–79) | 72 (66–78) | < 0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 1112 (34) | 1498 (51) | 435 (67) | 60 (66) | < 0.001 |
| White, n (%) | 1458 (45) | 1387 (48) | 305 (47) | 38 (42) | 0.149 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.3 (24.7–33.0) | 29.6 (25.6–33.9) | 28.5 (24.8–33.4) | 29.2 (25.4–34.6) | < 0.001 |
| ASA ≥ 3, n (%) | 431 (13) | 1567 (57) | 605 (93) | 87 (96) | < 0.001 |
| Albumin ≤ 3.5 g/dl, n (%) | 732 (28) | 1113 (46) | 396 (68) | 68 (81) | < 0.001 |
| Bilirubin ≥ 1.2 mg/dl, n (%) | 601 (20) | 825 (30) | 188 (31) | 32 (36) | < 0.001 |
| SGOT ≥ 40 U/L | 834 (28) | 788 (29) | 196 (32) | 38 (43) | 0.006 |
| Creatinine ≥ 1.2 mg/dl, n (%) | 185 (6.2) | 659 (24) | 291 (46) | 56 (62) | < 0.001 |
| Platelet ≤ 150, n (%) | 186 (6.0) | 369 (13) | 117 (19) | 21 (23) | < 0.001 |
| Hematocrit ≤ 35, n (%) | 638 (21) | 895 (32) | 322 (51) | 69 (76) | < 0.001 |
| White blood cell ≥ 11 | 1088 (35) | 1138 (40) | 302 (48) | 50 (55) | < 0.001 |
| Preoperative variables included in calculation of mFI | |||||
| Dependent functional status, n (%) | 0 (0) | 261 (9.0) | 275 (42) | 78 (86) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 0 (0) | 662 (23) | 402 (62) | 75 (83) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0 (0) | 2392 (82) | 610 (94) | 87 (96) | < 0.001 |
| CHF, n (%) | 0 (0) | 24 (0.8) | 37 (5.7) | 27 (30) | < 0.001 |
| History of MI within 6 months, n (%) | 0 (0) | 13 (0.4) | 35 (5.4) | 14 (15) | < 0.001 |
| History of PCI/CS/Angina, n (%) | 0 (0) | 218 (7.5) | 193 (30) | 31 (34) | < 0.001 |
| COPD or pneumonia, n (%) | 0 (0) | 136 (4.7) | 132 (20) | 29 (32) | <0.001 |
| PVD, n (%) | 0 (0) | 19 (0.7) | 60 (9.2) | 27 (30) | < 0.001 |
| Impaired sensorium, n (%) | 0 (0) | 18 (0.6) | 45 (6.9) | 25 (28) | < 0.001 |
| TIA/CVA without residual deficit, n (%) | 0 (0) | 71 (2.4) | 70 (11) | 23 (25) | < 0.001 |
| CVA/stroke with residual deficit, n (%) | 0 (0) | 42 (1.4) | 94 (15) | 42 (46) | < 0.001 |
No frailty = mFI 0, Low frailty = mFI 1–2, Intermediate frailty = mFI 3–4, High frailty = mFI ≥ 5
ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, SGOT serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, CHF congestive heart failure, MI myocardial infarction, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, CS cardiac surgery, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, PVD peripheral vascular disease, TIA transient ischemic attack, CVA cerebrovascular accident; italic font represents statistically significant associations