Table 2.
30-day postoperative outcomes
| No frailty (n = 3245) | Low frailty (n = 2913) | Intermediate frailty (n = 649) | High frailty (n = 91) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mortality, n (%) | 6 (0.2) | 38 (1.3) | 39 (6.0) | 18 (20) | < 0.001 |
| Clavien IV complications, n (%) | 48 (1.5) | 156 (5.4) | 73 (11) | 25 (28) | < 0.001 |
| Superficial SSI, n (%) | 37 (1.1) | 65 (2.2) | 18 (2.8) | 4.0 (4.4) | < 0.001 |
| Deep incisional SSI, n (%) | 7.0 (0.2) | 12 (0.4) | 6.0 (0.9) | 4.0 (4.4) | < 0.001 |
| Organ space SSI, n (%) | 28 (0.9) | 45 (1.5) | 11 (1.7) | 2.0 (2.2) | 0.052 |
| Pneumonia, n (%) | 11 (0.3) | 54 (1.9) | 31 (4.8) | 6.0 (6.6) | < 0.001 |
| Reintubation, n (%) | 11 (0.3) | 54 (1.9) | 31 (4.8) | 8.0 (8.8) | < 0.001 |
| Pulmonary embolism, n (%) | 4.0 (0.1) | 11 (0.4) | 3 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 0.162 |
| Deep venous thrombosis, n (%) | 5.0 (0.2) | 9.0 (0.3) | 7.0 (1.1) | 1.0 (1.1) | 0.001 |
| Ventilator dependence, n (%) | 5.0 (0.2) | 55 (1.9) | 49 (7.6) | 16 (18) | < 0.001 |
| Progressive renal insufficiency, n (%) | 3.0 (0.1) | 28 (1.0) | 11 (1.7) | 9.0 (9.9) | <0.001 |
| Acute renal failure, n (%) | 3.0 (0.1) | 18 (0.6) | 10 (1.5) | 7.0 (7.7) | < 0.001 |
| Urinary tract infection, n (%) | 12 (0.4) | 42 (1.4) | 12 (1.8) | 2 (2.2) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 0 (0) | 6.0 (0.2) | 6.0 (0.9) | 1.0 (1.1) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiac arrest requiring CPR, n (%) | 30 (0.1) | 8.0 (0.3) | 10 (1.5) | 7.0 (7.7) | < 0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 2.0 (0.1) | 13 (0.4) | 13 (2.0) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 29 (0.9) | 66 (2.3) | 23 (3.5) | 8.0 (8.8) | < 0.001 |
| Septic shock, n (%) | 12 (0.4) | 39 (1.3) | 28 (4.3) | 8.0 (8.8) | < 0.001 |
| Reoperation, n (%) | 37 (1.1) | 81 (2.8) | 34 (5.2) | 8.0 (8.8) | < 0.001 |
| Length of stay, days, median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 4 (2–6) | 7 (4–11) | 13 (7–23) | < 0.001 |
| Operative time, minutes, median (IQR) | 75 (52–104) | 84 (59–115) | 84 (63–118) | 87 (68–112) | < 0.001 |
No frailty = mFI 0, Low frailty = mFI 1–2, Intermediate frailty = mFI 3–4, High frailty = mFI ≥ 5; SSI, surgical site infection; italic font represents statistically significant associations