Table 3.

Laboratory abnormalities observed in EVD patients by stage.

Adapted with permission [23]

Timing	Laboratory findings
Stage 1: early febrile or mild phase and Stage 2: gastrointestinal phase	Leukopenia, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia
	Elevated hemoglobin, hematocrit, urea, creatinine (due to intravascular volume depletion)
	Elevated aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (ratio ≥ 3:1)
	Elevated prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and D-dimers
Stage 3: complications phase	Leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and anemia
	Hyponatremia, hypo/hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypoglycemia
	Elevated creatine phosphokinase and serum amylase
	Elevated blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine and decreased urine output
	Metabolic acidosis, both anion gap (elevated serum lactate due to tissue hypoperfusion) and non-anion gap (low serum bicarbonate due to diarrhea and renal injury)
Recovery phase	Thrombocytosis
	Occasional residual virus detection in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), semen, breast milk, vitreous humor and certain other body fluids