Fig. 3.

Diagrammatically presentation of the proposed mechanism for drug uptake. (a) Parallel pathway in which nanocarrier having size range of below 80 nm reaches directly to the parasite and escaping host cell cytoplam. This is due to the “leakiness” of the infected RBC membrane. New permeation pathways (NPP) arises on the host cell membrane (HCM), which is in close pruximity eith tubulovesicular network (TVN). TVN arises in the cytoplasm of RBC to access the nutrients from the extracellular medium. (b) Traditional sequence pathway: nanocarrier interacts with the receptor expressed on the iRBC membrane and then sequence crosses the host cell membrane (HCM), paracitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM), and then parasite plasma membrane (PPM) to reach its target side