Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of intracerebral hemorrhage patients in the USA from 2004–2014 according to hospital location
| Variable | Description | Urban hospital | Rural hospital | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number* | 7832 | 124,160 | N/A | ||
| Weighted number (national)† | 37,187 | 599,518 | N/A | ||
| Age (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| 18–39 years | 3.6 | 1.2 | |||
| 40–59 years | 24.8 | 11.4 | |||
| 60–79 years | 42.2 | 38.9 | |||
| ≥ 80 years | 29.4 | 48.5 | |||
| Female (%) | 49.3 | 56.7 | < 0.001 | ||
| Urban patient location (%) | 99.5 | 0.5 | < 0.001 | ||
| Rural patient location (%) | 68.0 | 32.0 | < 0.001 | ||
| Transferred from outside hospital (%) | Admission source | 6.2 | 3.3 | < 0.001 | |
| Transferred to outside hospital (%) | Hospital disposition | 3.2 | 5.9 | < 0.001 | |
| Race (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| White | 64.5 | 85.5 | |||
| Black | 17.5 | 7.9 | |||
| Hispanic | 9.4 | 2.8 | |||
| Other | 8.6 | 3.8 | |||
| Primary payer (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Medicare | 60.5 | 80.2 | |||
| Medicaid | 9.2 | 3.5 | |||
| Private | 20.7 | 11.1 | |||
| Self-pay | 6.5 | 3.3 | |||
| Other | 3.1 | 1.8 | |||
| Median income (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| $1–$38,999 | 26.9 | 45.8 | |||
| $39,000–$47,999 | 26.5 | 40.4 | |||
| $48,000–$62,999 | 23.8 | 10.6 | |||
| ≥ $63,000 | 22.8 | 3.2 | |||
| Hospital region (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Northeast | 18.9 | 15.7 | |||
| Midwest | 20.4 | 29.1 | |||
| South | 38.8 | 42.7 | |||
| West | 22.0 | 12.5 | |||
| Hospital bedsize‡ (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Small | 7.0 | 12.9 | |||
| Medium | 21.9 | 14.6 | |||
| Large | 71.1 | 72.6 | |||
| Vascular risk factors (%) | Dyslipidemia | 29.5 | 25.3 | < 0.001 | |
| Diabetes | 26.1 | 23.6 | 0.004 | ||
| Hypertension | 80.6 | 73.1 | < 0.001 | ||
| Obesity | 6.4 | 4.2 | < 0.001 | ||
| Chronic renal failure | 11.1 | 8.4 | < 0.001 | ||
| Cardiovascular diseases (%) | Congestive heart failure | 10.4 | 12.3 | < 0.001 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 18.4 | 21.0 | < 0.001 | ||
| Valvular disease | 5.5 | 5.7 | 0.316 | ||
| Coronary artery disease | 19.6 | 21.1 | 0.048 | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 4.9 | 5.3 | 0.172 | ||
| Lifestyle risk factors (%) | Drug abuse | 3.8 | 1.2 | < 0.001 | |
| Tobacco smoking | 10.5 | 7.7 | < 0.001 | ||
| Other chronic diseases (%) | Chronic lung disease | 12.4 | 14.7 | < 0.001 | |
| Pulmonary circulation disease | 1.9 | 1.3 | < 0.001 | ||
| Liver disease | 2.5 | 1.5 | < 0.001 | ||
| Alcohol abuse | 6.3 | 3.4 | < 0.001 | ||
| Coagulopathy | 6.6 | 3.8 | < 0.001 | ||
| Dementia | 7.2 | 9.5 | < 0.001 | ||
| Elixhauser comorbidity index (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Score < = 2 | 36.3 | 45.0 | |||
| Score 3–4 | 40.6 | 39.1 | |||
| Score > = 5 | 23.0 | 15.9 | |||
| Clinical factors (%) | Coma | 9.4 | 8.7 | 0.148 | |
| MV | 30.0 | 14.8 | < 0.001 | ||
| MV within 48 h | 23.2 | 11.6 | < 0.001 | ||
| Aphasia | 12.7 | 9.4 | < 0.001 | ||
| Dysphagia | 11.8 | 7.6 | < 0.001 | ||
| Craniotomy/craniectomy | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.012 | ||
| Hydrocephalus | 10.9 | 4.1 | < 0.001 | ||
| External ventricular drain/VP shunt | 8.2 | 2.1 | < 0.001 | ||
| APR-DRG for severity of illness (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mild | 7.5 | 12.9 | |||
| Moderate | 31.1 | 42.5 | |||
| Severe | 36.6 | 34.8 | |||
| Extreme | 24.8 | 9.8 | |||
| APR-DRG risk for mortality (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mild | 0.3 | 0.05 | |||
| Moderate | 45.9 | 62.0 | |||
| Severe | 23.0 | 19.2 | |||
| Extreme | 30.8 | 18.8 | |||
| Do-not-resuscitate (%) | 8.3 | 7.8 | 0.399 | ||
| Palliative (%) | 10.3 | 11.4 | 0.132 | ||
APR-DRG all patient refined diagnosis-related group, MV Mechanical ventilation; VP ventriculoperitoneal
*Represents actual number of patients contained in the National Inpatient Sample
†Represents projected total national estimates obtained by applying sampling weights to the Nationwide Inpatient Sample dataset
‡Bedsize categories are defined using region of the USA, the urban–rural designation of the hospital, in addition to the teaching status. Details present at https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/hosp_bedsize/nisnote.jsp