Table 1.
Characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and receiving Placebo or glucose–insulin potassium (GIK) infusion
| Characteristics | Placebo | GIK | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 46) | (N = 54) | ||
| Demographics | |||
| Age, yearsa | 69.3 (11.0) | 71.8 (8.4) | 0.266† |
| Body mass indexa | 26.4 (4.2) | 28.7 (4.6) | 0.021† |
| Sex, male | 40 (87.0) | 41 (75.9) | 0.161‡ |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Bernstein-Parsonnet scorea | 20.5 (8.8) | 21.8 (8.6) | 0.459† |
| Hypertension | 41 (89.1) | 53 (98.2) | 0.058‡ |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 3 (6.5) | 7 (13.0) | 0.335‡ |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 37 (80.4) | 51 (94.4) | 0.032‡ |
| Diabetes mellitus | 18 (38.1) | 29 (53.7) | 0.146‡ |
| Vascular disease | 20 (43.5) | 23 (42.6) | 0.929‡ |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 8 (17.4) | 9 (16.7) | 0.923‡ |
| Heart failure NYHA III/IV | 15 (32.7) | 20 (37.0) | 0.679‡ |
| Left ventricular ejection fractionb, % | 44 (4.5) | 41 (2.9) | 0.036† |
| Left ventricular wall thicknessb, mm | 1.12 (0.20) | 1.15 (0.16) | 0.514† |
| Previous cardiac surgery | 8 (8.7) | 14 (13.0) | 0.541‡ |
| Chronic treatment | |||
| Beta-blockers | 34 (74) | 35 (65) | 0.389‡ |
| Calcium-channel antagonists | 9 (19.6) | 14 (25.9) | 0.633‡ |
| ACEI/AII antagonists | 24 (52.2) | 25 (45.4) | 0.688‡ |
| Diuretics | 22 (39.3) | 23 (42.6) | 0.688‡ |
| Blood parameters | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/dLa | 11.8 (1.9) | 11.9 (2.4) | 0.811 |
| Creatinine clearance, mL/mina | 80.3 (45.5) | 74.8 (30.5) | 0.477 |
| Surgical characteristics | |||
| CABG with AVR | 16 (34.8) | 17 (31.5) | 0.726‡ |
| Number of coronary grafts | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–4) | 0.859 |
| Aortic clamping time, mina | 74.1 (31.9) | 81.2 (38.1) | 0.323† |
| Fluids, mLa | 2927 (977) | 3330 (1810) | 0.180† |
| Blood transfusion | 31 (67.4) | 39 (72.2) | 0.599‡ |
| Fresh frozen plasma | 15 (32.6) | 16 (29.6) | 0.748‡ |
| Platelets | 8 (17.4) | 11 (20.4) | 0.705‡ |
| Blood glucose (mMol/L) | |||
| Start of surgerya | 6.7 (1.5) | 7.3 (2.1) | 0.166† |
| Before bypassa | 7.6 (1.3) | 7.8 (3.0) | 0.680† |
| During bypassa | 8.0 (1.8) | 7.6 (2.8) | 0.493† |
| End of surgerya | 7.9 (1.2) | 7.3 (1.9) | 0.101† |
| Supplemental insulin | 10 (21.4) | 19 (35.2) | 0.140‡ |
| Supplemental glucose infusion | 1 (2.2) | 5 (9.3) | 0.214‡ |
Data given as number of patients (percentage) unless otherwise indicated
ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, AII angiotensin II, AVR aortic valve replacement, CABG coronary artery bypass grafting, CPB cardiopulmonary bypass, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction
Chi-squared tests were used for statistical tests unless otherwise indicated; †Student t test; ‡Fisher exact test
aData given as mean (standard deviation) or median (range)
bTransthoracic echocardiography performed the day before surgery