Table 3.
Echocardiographic parameters in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and receiving Placebo or glucose–insulin potassium (GIK) infusion
| Parameter | Start surgery | After GIK | End surgery | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preload | |||||
| End diastolic area (cm2) | |||||
| All patients | 13.6 (2.7) | 13.1 (2.7) | 12.9 (3.1) | 0.002 | |
| Placebo group | 13.7 (2.3) | 13.2 (2.4) | 13.0 (3.0) | < 0.036 | |
| GIK group | 13.6 (3.0) | 13.1 (2.9) | 12.8 (3.3) | < 0.038 | |
| Effect modification by GIK | 0.953 | ||||
| Systolic function | |||||
| LV FAC (%) | |||||
| All patients | 43.2 (8.7) | 42.8 (9.9) | 41.8 (9.6) | 0.278 | |
| Placebo group | 46.2 (7.4) | 41.8 (8.8) | 39.4 (9.8) | < 0.001 | |
| GIK group | 40.6 (9.0) | 43.7 (10.8) | 43.9 (9.1) | 0.006 | |
| Effect modification by GIK | < 0.001 | ||||
| 3D-LVEF (%) | |||||
| All patients | 44.2 (6.9) | 43.9 (6.4) | 42.6 (7.0) | 0.007 | |
| Placebo group | 46.8 (6.6) | 44.2 (6.7) | 41.1 (7.5) | < 0.001 | |
| GIK group | 42.1 (6.4) | 43.7 (6.2) | 43.8 (5.7) | 0.017 | |
| Effect modification by GIK | < 0.001 | ||||
| 2D-LVEF (%) | |||||
| All patients | 41.4 (6.0) | 40.9 (6.2) | 40.7 (7.2) | 0.315 | |
| Placebo group | 42.5 (5.3) | 40.4 (6.0) | 39.3 (8.3) | < 0.001 | |
| GIK group | 40.5 (6.4) | 41.3 (6.4) | 41.9 (5.9) | 0.093 | |
| Effect modification by GIK | < 0.001 | ||||
| PGLS (%) | |||||
| All patients | − 12.3 (2.6) | – | − 11.2 (2.4) | 0.002 | |
| Placebo group | − 13.1 (2.2) | – | − 11.3 (2.7) | < 0.001 | |
| GIK group | − 11.5 (2.5) | – | − 11.2 (2.1) | 0.369 | |
| Effect modification by GIK | < 0.007 | ||||
| LV systolic strain rate (s−1) | |||||
| All patients | − 1.03 (0.28) | – | − 0.99 (0.24) | 0.124 | |
| Placebo group | − 1.12 (0.28) | – | − 1.01 (0.26) | 0.007 | |
| GIK group | − 0.94 (0.26) | – | − 0.97 (0.23) | 0.396 | |
| Effect modification by GIK | 0.008 | ||||
| Diastolic function | |||||
| Transmitral E/A ratio | |||||
| All patients | 1.19 (0.65) | 1.15 (0.50) | 1.19 (0.49) | 0.593 | |
| Placebo group | 1.24 (0.62) | 1.11 (0.46) | 1.00 (0.48) | 0.001 | |
| GIK group | 1.14 (0.67) | 1.18 (0.54) | 1.34 (0.46) | 0.021 | |
| Effect modification by GIK | < 0.001 | ||||
| Isovolemic relaxation time (ms) | |||||
| All patients | 82.2 (37.7) | 84.9 (35.7) | 85.0 (33.7) | 0.361 | |
| Placebo group | 88.5 (35.5) | 88.8 (36.5) | 86.9 (34.7) | 0.729 | |
| GIK group | 76.9 (39.0) | 81.6 (35.0) | 83.4 (33.1) | 0.140 | |
| Effect modification by GIK | 0.218 | ||||
| Pulmonary venous S/D ratio | |||||
| All patients | 1.34 (0.55) | 1.38 (0.52) | 1.42 (0.47) | 0.025 | |
| Placebo group | 1.26 (0.49) | 1.31 (0.52) | 1.35 (0.48) | 0.311 | |
| GIK group | 1.42 (0.62) | 1.44 (0.52) | 1.58 (0.45) | 0.058 | |
| Effect modification by GIK | 0.535 | ||||
| Early lateral velocity (cm/s) | |||||
| All patients | 9.7 (3.0) | 9.5 (2.9) | 8.2 (2.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Placebo group | 10.1 (3.0) | 9.4 (2.7) | 7.0 (2.3) | < 0.001 | |
| GIK group | 9.4 (3.0) | 9.5 (3.1) | 9.2 (2.8) | 0.660 | |
| Effect modification by GIK | < 0.001 | ||||
| E/e´ ratio | |||||
| All patients | 7.1 (3.3) | 7.1 (2.9) | 7.7 (2.8) | 0.037 | |
| Placebo group | 6.8 (2.1) | 6.8 (2.0) | 8.2 (2.6) | < 0.001 | |
| GIK group | 7.3 (4.0) | 7.4 (3.5) | 7.1 (2.8) | 0.735 | |
| Effect modification by GIK | 0.001 | ||||
| Flow propagation velocity (cm/s) | |||||
| All patients | 39.3 (8.8) | 39.6 (6.1) | 39.2 (7.9) | 0.793 | |
| Placebo group | 43.9 (7.4) | 39.2 (5.7) | 34.5 (6.9) | < 0.001 | |
| GIK group | 35.3 (8.0) | 39.9 (6.4) | 43.2 (6.3) | < 0.001 | |
| Effect modification by GIK | < 0.001 | ||||
Data given as mean (standard deviation)
Repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Greenhouse-Geisser correction was used to estimate trend differences between and within group differences
LV FAC left ventricular fractional area change, 3D-LVEF three-dimensional left ventricular ejection fraction, 2D-LVEF two-dimensional left ventricular ejection fraction, PGLS peak global longitudinal strain