Table 2.
Factors associated with development of LPH
| Variables | LPH (N = 59) n (%) | No LPH (N = 161) n (%) | P value | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal factors | ||||||
| Maternal age, mean (SD) | 26.2 (5.0) | 27.5 (6.5) | 0.179 | 0.966 (0.918–1.016) | 0.100 | 0.956 (0.906–1.009) |
| Gravida, mean (SD) | 3 (1.8) | 3.34 (2.2) | 0.293 | 0.922 (0.793–1.073) | 0.407 | 0.935 (0.798–1.096) |
| Para, mean (SD) | 2.2 (1.3) | 2.2 (1.3) | 0.625 | 0.943 (0.745–1.1193) | 0.969 | 1.005 (0.782–1.291) |
| Antenatal steroid (≥1 dose) | 45 (76.3) | 107 (66.5) | 0.165 | 1.622 (0.819–3.212) | 0.411 | 1.346 (0.662–2.736) |
| IUGR | 9 (15.3) | 14 (8.7) | 0.164 | 1.890 (0.771–4.634) | 0.693 | 1.215 (0.462–3.195) |
| Preeclampsia | 15 (25.4) | 34 (21.1) | 0.497 | 1.273 (0.634–2.558) | 0.668 | 0.847 (0.397–1.808) |
| Magnesium sulfate use | 35 (59.3) | 72 (44.7) | 0.056 | 1.803 (0.984–3.302) | 0.150 | 1.584 (0.846–2.966) |
| Maternal diabetes | 7 (11.9) | 6 (3.7) | 0.031* | 3.478 (1.118–10.817) | 0.047* | 3.412 (1.016–11.456) |
| Oligohydroamnios | 4 (6.8) | 11 (6.8) | 0.989 | 0.992 (0.303–3.245) | 0.670 | 0.763 (0.220–2.651) |
| Tobacco/Alcohol use | 10 (16.9) | 15 (9.3) | 0.119 | 1.986 (0.838–4.709) | 0.055 | 2.441 (0.980–6.081) |
| Substance use | 9 (15.3) | 29 (18) | 0.632 | 0.819 (0.362–1.852) | 0.551 | 0.775 (0.335–1.793) |
| Prolonged ROM (>18 h) | 7 (11.9) | 29 (18) | 0.278 | 0.613 (0.253–1.485) | 0.310 | 0.626 (0.253–1.547) |
| PPROM | 15 (25.4) | 43 (26.7) | 0.848 | 0.936 (0.473–1.851) | 0.985 | 0.993 (0.491–2.007) |
| Chorioamnionitis | 6 (10.2) | 20 (12.4) | 0.647 | 0.798 (0.304–2.096) | 0.837 | 0.900 (0.330–2.454) |
| Maternal antibiotics | 21 (35.6) | 62 (38.5) | 0.77 | 0.914 (0.499–1.673) | 0.784 | 0.914 (0.480–1.739) |
| C-section | 39 (66.1) | 112 (69.6) | 0.486 | 0.802 (0.432–1.491) | 0.391 | 0.748 (0.385–1.453) |
| Newborn history | ||||||
| GA at birth, mean (SD) | 25 + 4 (11 days) | 26 + 0 (12 days) | 0.105 | 0.863 (0.722–1.031) | 0.507 | 1.083 (0.856–1.371) |
| BW, grams, mean (SD) | 690 (224) | 807 (206) | 0.001* | 0.997 (0.996–0.999) | 0.003* | 0.997 (0.996–0.999) |
| Sex (female) | 32 (54.2) | 59 (36.6) | 0.020 | 2.049 (1.120–3.749) | 0.148 | 1.598 (0.846–3.018) |
| SGA | 16 (27.1) | 12 (7.5) | 0.000* | 4.620 (2.031–10.509) | 0.042* | 2.703 (1.036–7.057) |
| Multiple births | 15 (25.4) | 41 (25.5) | 0.995 | 0.998 (0.503–1.979) | 0.581 | 1.224 (0.597–2.507) |
| Delivery room (DR) resuscitation | ||||||
| Meconium stained amniotic fluid | 2 (3.4) | 4 (2.5) | 0.926 | 1.072 (0.249–4.625) | 0.643 | 1.414 (0.326–6.138) |
| 1 min, mean (SD) | 3.5 (2.1) | 3.7 (2.4) | 0.139 | 0.904 (0.792–1.033) | 0.297 | 0.928 (0.806–1.068) |
| 5 min, mean (SD) | 5.6 (2.3) | 6.5 (2.1) | 0.017 | 0.849 (0.742–0.971) | 0.087 | 0.884 (0.768–1.018) |
| CPAP in DR | 52 (89.7) | 150 (93.2) | 0.395 | 0.636 (0.224–1.804) | 0.276 | 0.545 (0.183–1.624) |
| PPV in DR | 54 (91.5) | 134 (83.2) | 0.129 | 2.176 (0.796– 5.946) | 0.413 | 1.548 (0.543–4.413) |
| Intubation in DR | 52 (88.1) | 123 (76.4) | 0.061 | 2.295 (0.963–5.472) | 0.294 | 1.637 (0.653–4.105) |
| Surfactant in DR | 29 (49.2) | 81 (50.6) | 0.847 | 0.943 (0.519–1.713) | 0.272 | 0.695 (0.364–1.329) |
| NICU course | ||||||
| Surfactant doses (≥1 dose) | 53 (89.8) | 134 (83.2) | 0.165 | 1.622 (0.819–3.212) | 0.411 | 1.346 (0.662–2.736) |
| HFOV use | 51 (86.4) | 69 (43.4) | 0.000* | 8.315 (3.704–18.666) | 0.000* | 7.072 (3.053–16.381) |
| PPV use (>30 days) | 31 (52.5) | 99 (61.5) | 0.233 | 0.693 (0.380–1.265) | 0.185 | 0.655 (0.350–1.225) |
| NC use (>30 days) | 9 (15.3) | 28 (17.4) | 0.708 | 0.855 (0.377–1.938) | 0.929 | 1.039 (0.452–2.386) |
| Mechanical Ventilation (>30 days) | 47 (79.7) | 84 (52.2) | 0.000* | 3.590 (1.773–7.268) | 0.008* | 2.781 (1.302–5.944) |
| Tracheostomy | 17 (28.8) | 10 (6.2) | 0.000* | 6.112 (2.605–14.338) | 0.000* | 5.141 (2.105–12.554) |
| Caffeine use | 56 (94.9) | 159 (98.8) | 0.118 | 0.235 (0.038–1.442) | 0.106 | 0.208 (0.031–1.395) |
| Bacteremia | 23 (39) | 54 (33.5) | 0.454 | 1.266 (0.683–2.346) | 0.812 | 1.082 (0.566–2.069) |
| Antibiotic days (>30 days) | 34 (57.6) | 55 (34.2) | 0.002* | 2.621 (1.423–4.826) | 0.019* | 2.177 (1.138–4.166) |
| Tracheitis | 33 (55.9) | 55 (34.2) | 0.004* | 2.446 (1.331–4.495) | 0.045* | 1.934 (1.016–3.683) |
| Pneumonia | 7 (12.1) | 14 (8.7) | 0.456 | 1.441 (0.551–3.770) | 0.607 | 1.300 (0.478–3.540) |
| Pneumothorax | 10 (16.9) | 11 (6.8) | 0.028 | 2.783 (1.115–6.949) | 0.052 | 2.614 (0.993–6.882) |
| IVH ≥ Grade III | 17 (28.8) | 22 (13.7) | 0.011* | 2.557 (1.244–5.259) | 0.012* | 2.616 (1.235–5.541) |
| IVH intervention | 4 (6.8) | 9 (5.6) | 0.741 | 1.228 (0.364–4.150) | 0.597 | 1.410 (0.395–5.039) |
| PVL | 9 (15.3) | 11 (6.8) | 0.060 | 2.455 (0.961–6.267) | 0.056 | 2.578 (0.976–6.811) |
| NEC | 19 (32.2) | 45 (28.0) | 0.539 | 1.224 (0.642–2.335) | 0.915 | 0.964 (0.488–1.903) |
| Intestinal perforation | 13 (22) | 25 (15.5) | 0.260 | 1.537 (0.727–3.251) | 0.615 | 1.226 (0.555–2.708) |
| ROP (any stage) | 43 (72.9) | 97 (60.2) | 0.087 | 1.773 (0.921–3.414) | 0.520 | 1.264 (0.620–2.576) |
| Laser and/or Avastin | 26 (44.1) | 53 (33.5) | 0.148 | 1.552 (0.856–2.811) | 0.790 | 1.096 (0.558–2.151) |
| Gastrostomy-tube | 27 (45.8) | 39 (24.2) | 0.002* | 2.639 (1.411–4.938) | 0.013* | 2.272 (1.187–4.348) |
| Hemodynamically significant PDA | 31 (52.5) | 78 (48.4) | 0.591 | 1.178 (0.648–2.141) | 0.787 | 0.917 (0.487–1.724) |
| EPH I (≤7 days) (n = 144) | 20 (51.3) | 42 (40.0) | 0.226 | 1.579 (0.754–3.307) | 0.097 | 1.941 (0.886– 4.253) |
| EPH II (≤14 days) (n = 176) | 24 (52.2) | 48 (36.9) | 0.072 | 1.864 (0.945–3.676) | 0.035* | 2.175 (1.056–4.477) |
| EPH III* (<28 days) (n = 193) | 31 (63.3) | 54 (37.5) | 0.002* | 2.870 (1.456–5.619) | 0.002* | 3.178 (1.554–6.500) |
| PDA surgical closure (any) | 17 (28.8) | 25 (15.5) | 0.029 | 2.202 (1.086–4.464) | 0.087 | 1.897 (0.912–3.946) |
| BPD (severe) | 56 (94.9) | 115 (71.4) | 0.001* | 7.467 (2.225–25.059) | 0.005* | 5.763 (1.684–19.717) |
| Steroid use for BPD (>7 days) | 26 (44.1) | 22 (13.7) | 0.000* | 4.978 (2.515–9.855) | 0.000* | 4.230 (2.085–8.583) |
| Death | 10 (16.9) | 7 (4.3) | 0.004 | 4.490 (1.622–12.426) | 0.067 | 2.729 (0.931–7.999) |
BPD bronchopulmonary dysplasia, LPH late pulmonary hypertension, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, IUGR intrauterine growth retardation, PPROM preterm premature rupture of the membranes, GA gestational age, BW birth weight, SD standard deviation, SGA small for gestational age, CPAP continuous positive airway pressure, PPV positive pressure ventilation, HFOV high frequency oscillator ventilator, NC nasal cannula, IVH intraventricular hemorrhage, PVL periventricular leukomalacia, NEC necrotizing enterocolitis, ROP retinopathy of prematurity, PDA patent ductus arteriosus, EPH early pulmonary hypertension, C-section cesarean section
Bold values indicate statistical significance p ≤ 0.05