Table 5.

Random-effects model meta-analyses summary of results

	N	k	Hedges g	95% CI [lower, upper]	QTotal	I2 (%)	Rosenthal’s fail-safe	Robust fail-safe cutoff
Pre-post-treatment groups	1020	29	.61	[.47, .76]	30.03	6.76	790	155
Pre-post-treatment groups Randomized trials sub-analysis	311	5	.58	[.29, .87]	7.23	44.67	60	35
Pre-post-control groups	266	10	.04	[− .11, .20]	5.59	0.00	-	-
Pre- to follow-up treatment groups	261	9	.76	[.41, 1.12]	11.16	28.32	70	55
Post-treatment versus post-control	620	11	.48	[.27, .69]	10.84	0.00	145	65
Post-treatment versus post-control Randomized trials sub-analysis	349	6	.58	[.19, .97]	11.44	56.29	42	40

Robust fail-safe cutoff formula: 5(k) + 10; k, number of effect sizes