Table 2.

Main methods used for the detection and characterisation of Theileria orientalis

Methods	References
Serological
Indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) using piroplasm antigens	Uilenberg et al. (1985), Papadopoulos et al. (1996)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using piroplasm antigens	Shimizu et al. (1988)
Latex agglutination test using p33 antigens	Jeong et al. (2005)
Indirect ELISA using p33 antigens	Wang et al. (2010a)
Molecular
Reverse line blot hybridisation (RLB) using 18S rRNA gene	Gubbels et al. (1999)
Pan-FRET real-time PCR using cox3 gene	Chaisi et al. (2013)
Conventional PCR using markers MPSP, p32, p33, p34 and/or p23, 18S rRNA (SSU) gene	Tanaka et al. (1993), Kawazu et al. (1995), Kubota et al. (1996), Govaerts et al. (2002), Sarataphan et al. (1999, 2003), Liu et al. (2010, 2011), Ota et al. (2009), Islam et al. (2011)
Semi-nested PCR for 18S rRNA	Ghaemi et al. (2012)
Nested PCR for ITS-1-5.8S-ITS-2 region	Aktas et al. (2007)
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for p33 and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region	Wang et al. (2010b), Liu et al. (2013)
Quantitative PCR using ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions	Kamau et al. (2011b)
Multiplexed tandem PCR using MPSP, ITS-11 and p23	Perera et al. (2015a)
Hydrolysis probe-based quantitative PCR using MPSP	Bogema et al. (2015)
Multiplexed tandem PCR using MPSP	Gebrekidan et al. (2018)