Table 4.
Demographics of hypercapnic respiratory failure participants by mortality status after discharge
| All (n = 187) | Living after discharge (n = 119) | Deceased after discharge (n = 68) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 104 (56%) | 65 (55%) | 39 (57%) | 0.761 |
| Age (years) | 62.4 ± 15.3 | 58.6 ± 15.9 | 69.0 ± 11.6 | < 0.001 |
| BMI | 36.4 ± 14.4 | 37.3 ± 15.0 | 34.8 ± 13.2 | 0.196 |
| Active smoker | 60 (32%) | 47 (39%) | 13 (19%) | 0.005 |
| Length of admission (days) | 9.9 ± 14.2 | 11.8 ± 16.8 | 6.7 ± 6.4 | 0.089 |
| Intensive care unit admission | ||||
| ICU admission | 105 (56%) | 70 (59%) | 35 (51%) | 0.360 |
| Length of ICU admission (days)a | 8.1 ± 35.4 | 5.5 ± 7.6 | 13.4 ± 60.6 | 0.266 |
| More than one ICU admissiona | 15 (14%) | 8 (11%) | 7 (20%) | 0.250 |
| Intubationa | 51 (49%) | 42 (60%) | 9 (26%) | 0.001 |
| Primary admission reason | ||||
| Respiratory failure | 93 (50%) | 55 (46%) | 38 (56%) | 0.226 |
| Pneumonia | 20 (11%) | 12 (10%) | 8 (12%) | 0.807 |
| COPD exacerbation | 43 (23%) | 22 (18%) | 21 (31%) | 0.070 |
| Overdose | 10 (5%) | 8 (7%) | 2 (3%) | 0.332 |
| Sepsis | 24 (13%) | 19 (16%) | 5 (7%) | 0.113 |
| Trauma | 5 (3%) | 4 (3%) | 1 (1%) | 0.654 |
| Cardiac disease | 53 (28%) | 25 (21%) | 28 (41%) | 0.004 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Myocardial infarction | 23 (12%) | 12 (10%) | 11 (16%) | 0.251 |
| Congestive heart failure | 54 (29%) | 24 (20%) | 30 (44%) | 0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 13 (7%) | 2 (2%) | 11 (16%) | < 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 10 (5%) | 4 (3%) | 6 (9%) | 0.173 |
| Diabetes with chronic complications | 52 (28%) | 36 (30%) | 16 (24%) | 0.397 |
| Renal disease | 36 (19%) | 18 (15%) | 18 (26%) | 0.082 |
| Pulmonary disease | ||||
| COPD | 85 (45%) | 47 (39%) | 38 (56%) | 0.034 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 48 (26%) | 33 (28%) | 15 (22%) | 0.487 |
| Obesity hypoventilation | 12 (6%) | 6 (5%) | 6 (9%) | 0.359 |
| Asthma | 21 (11%) | 15 (13%) | 6 (9%) | 0.481 |
| Interstitial lung disease | 4 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 3 (4%) | 0.137 |
| Bronchiectasis (including CF) | 3 (2%) | 3 (3%) | 0 | 0.555 |
| Prior to admission home respiratory support | ||||
| CPAP | 23 (12%) | 17 (14%) | 6 (9%) | 0.357 |
| BIPAP | 16 (9%) | 8 (7%) | 8 (12%) | 0.280 |
| Oxygen | 69 (37%) | 33 (28%) | 36 (53%) | 0.001 |
| None | 100 (53%) | 71 (60%) | 29 (43%) | 0.033 |
| Charlson comorbidity indexb | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 2.6 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
| Discharge respiratory support | ||||
| CPAP | 12 (6%) | 7 (6%) | 5 (7%) | 0.760 |
| BIPAP | 22 (12%) | 12 (10%) | 10 (15%) | 0.355 |
| Oxygen | 75 (40%) | 39 (33%) | 36 (53%) | 0.008 |
| Other non-invasive ventilation | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| None | 91 (49%) | 67 (56%) | 24 (35%) | 0.006 |
| Admission or death due to hypercapnic respiratory failure | ||||
| Yes | 118 (63%) | 73 (61%) | 45 (66%) | 0.754 |
| No | 39 (21%) | 27 (23%) | 12 (18%) | |
| Maybe | 28 (15%) | 18 (15%) | 10 (15%) | |
| Readmissions | ||||
| Readmission | 98 (52%) | 50 (42%) | 48 (71%) | < 0.001 |
| Readmission within 30 daysc | 41 (22%) | 18 (15%) | 23 (34%) | 0.005 |
| Number of readmissions | 2.6 ± 2.0 | 2.7 ± 2.0 | 2.4 ± 2.0 | 0.250 |
| Readmission due to hypercapnic respiratory failure | ||||
| Yes | 68 (62%) | 31 (50%) | 37 (77%) | 0.015 |
| No | 32 (29%) | 23 (37%) | 9 (19%) | |
| Maybe | 10 (9%) | 8 (13%) | 2 (4%) | |
| Arterial blood gas valuesd | ||||
| 60.3 ± 23.4 | 58.5 ± 23.4 | 64.0 ± 23.5 | 0.153 | |
| Bicarbonate | ||||
| < 15 | 1 (0.5%) | 0 | 1 (1%) | 0.002 |
| 15–19 | 8 (4%) | 6 (5%) | 2 (3%) | |
| 20–29 | 88 (47%) | 65 (55%) | 23 (34%) | |
| 30–39 | 70 (37%) | 37 (31%) | 33 (49%) | |
| 40–49 | 11 (6%) | 3 (3%) | 8 (12%) | |
| Hemodynamics in first 24 h | ||||
| Most extreme heart rate in first 24 h | ||||
| < 40 | 1 (0.5%) | 0 | 1 (1%) | 0.685 |
| 40–69 | 21 (11%) | 12 (10%) | 9 (13%) | |
| 70–119 | 128 (68%) | 83 (70%) | 45 (66%) | |
| 120–159 | 28 (15%) | 19 (16%) | 9 (13%) | |
| ≥ 160 | 3 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 1 (1%) | |
| Lowest blood pressure | ||||
| MAP ≥ 70 | 142 (76%) | 97 (82%) | 45 (66%) | 0.050 |
| MAP < 70 | 33 (18%) | 15 (13%) | 18 (26%) | |
| Low dose vasopressore | 4 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 2 (3%) | |
| High dose vasopressore | 6 (3%) | 5 (4%) | 1 (1%) | |
Bold values indicate statistical significance
Values shown are mean and SD, and number (%). Categorical variables were tested using Fisher’s exact test. Continuous variables were tested using the Wilcoxon rank sum test
aAmong those admitted to the ICU (n = 105)
bBased on Quan et al. [15]
cAmong those with first admission to the hospital between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2016 (n = 181)
d38–41% Data missing
eLow dose defined as dopamine ≤ 15 or epinephrine ≤ 0.1 or norepinephrine ≤ 0.1 mcg/kg/min, and high dose defined as dopamine > 15 or epinephrine > 0.1 or norepinephrine > 0.1 mcg/kg/min