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Complications by puncture site with the classic landmark approach and ultrasound-guided real-time approach [13, 55–57]
| Site | Method | Arterial puncture (%) | Hematoma (%) | Pneumothorax (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Landmark | 6.9 | 8.2 | 3.1 |
| Ultrasound-guided | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.3 | |
| Internal jugular vein | Landmark | 5.8–10.6 | 8.4–9.1 | 2.4–3.0 |
| Ultrasound-guided | 0.3–1.1 | 0.2–1.2 | 0–1.2 | |
| Subclavian vein | Landmark | 6.2 | 4.6 | 3.7 |
| Ultrasound-guided | 2.0 | 1.5 | 0.7 |
