Table 1.

List of fusion and target proteins, used vectors, and application of Bacillus subtilis spore surface-displayed proteins based on recombinant approach

Fusion protein	Bacterial strain	Target protein	Used vector	Substrate/antibody	Product	Application	Reference
CotB	B. subtilis PY79	TTFC	pGEM	Anti-TTFC	―*	Oral vaccination	(Isticato et al. 2001)
	B. subtilis PY79 and RH103	TTFC	pET28b	Anti-TTFC	―	Oral vaccination	(Duc et al. 2003)
	B. subtilis PY79 and PP108	TcdA	―	Anti-TcdA	―	Oral vaccination	(Hong et al. 2017)
	B. subtilis DB403	Tm1350	pHS	p-Nitrophenyl butyrate	p-Nitrophenyl	Industrial biocatalysis	(Chen et al. 2015a)
	B. subtilis DB403	DSM	pHS	p-Nitrophenyl butyrate	p-Nitrophenyl	Industrial biocatalysis	(Chen et al. 2015b)
	B. subtilis PY79	VP28	pDG364	White Spot Syndrome virus	―	Vaccine for shrimps	(Nguyen et al. 2014; Pham et al. 2016)
	B. subtilis PY79	UreA	pGEM	Anti-UreA	―	Anti-Helicobacter vaccine	(Hinc et al. 2010b)
	B. subtilis HU58	MPT64	pcotVac	Anti-MPT64	―	Vaccine against tuberculosis	(Sibley et al. 2014)
	B. subtilis PY79	RSM2e3	pDG1664	Anti-RSM2e3	―	Influenza vaccine	(Zhao et al. 2014)
	B. subtilis 168	FliD	pDL	Anti-FliD	―	C. difficile oral vaccines	(Negri et al. 2013)
	B. subtilis PY79	GST-Cpa247-370	pDG1664	Anti-Cpa247–370	―	Vaccine against necrotic enteritis	(Hoang et al. 2008)
	B. subtilis PY79	PA	pDG364	Anti-PA	―	Anthrax vaccine	(Le et al. 2007)
	B. subtilis PY79 and RH201		pDHAFB	Anti-His	―	Bioremediation	(Hinc et al. 2010a)
CotC	B. subtilis PY79 (Spo+)	TTFC and LTB	pRH22 and pIM51	Anti-TTFC and anti-LTB	―	Clostridium tetani and E. coli vaccine	(Mauriello et al. 2004)
	B subtilis 168 (trp−)	BmADH	pJS700	Ethanol and NAD+	Acetaldehyde and NADH	Industrial biocatalysis	(Wang et al. 2011)
	B. subtilis PY79 and PP108	TcdA	―	Anti-TcdA	―	Oral vaccination	(Hong et al. 2017)
	B subtilis 168 (trp−)	OmpC	pDG364	―	―	Vaccine against Salmonella	(Dai et al. 2018)
	B. subtilis DB431 and BB80	VP28 and VP26	pDG1662	Anti-Vp28 and anti-Vp26	―	Oral vaccination	(Valdez et al. 2014)
	B. subtilis WB600	Urease B and CTB	pUS186	Rat anti UreB serum	―	Oral vaccine for H. pylori	(Zhou et al. 2017)
	B. subtilis WB600	CsCP	pEB03	Rat anti-rCsCP serum	―	Vaccine against Clonorchis sinensis	(Tang et al. 2016; Tang et al. 2017)
	B. subtilis WB600	TP20.8	pGEX	TP20.8-specific antibody	―	Vaccine against Clonorchis sinensis	(Zhou et al. 2008b)
	B. subtilis WB600	CsPmy	PEB03	Rat anti-rCsPmy serum	―	Vaccine against Clonorchis sinensis	(Sun et al. 2018)
	B. subtilis WB600	CsTP22.3	pGEX	Rat anti-TP22.3 sera	―	Vaccine against Clonorchis sinensis	(Zhou et al. 2008a)
	B. subtilis WB600	CsLAP2	PEB03	Rat anti-CsLAP2 serum	―	Vaccine against Clonorchis sinensis	(Qu et al. 2014)
	B. subtilis WB800N	TreS	pDG1730	D-maltosee	D-trehalose	Industrial biocatalysis	(Liu et al. 2019)
	B. subtilis WB600	VP4	pEB03	Rabbit anti-rVP4 serum	―	Vaccine against grass carp reovirus	(Jiang et al. 2018)
	B subtilis 168 (trp−)	hGH	pJS700	Anti-hGH	―	Oral vaccination	(Lian et al. 2014)
	B. subtilis PY79	UreA	pGEM	Anti-UreA	―	Anti-Helicobacter vaccine	(Hinc et al. 2010b)
	B subtilis 168	β-galactosidase	pKH40	ONPG	ONP	Industrial biocatalysis	(Tavassoli et al. 2013)
	B. subtilis 168 (trp−)	GP64	pJS700	GP64-specific antibody	―	Vaccine against Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus	(Li et al. 2011)
	B. subtilis 168 (trp−)	HSA	pJS700	HSA-specific antibody	―	Oral vaccination	(Mao et al. 2012)
CotE	B. subtilis DB104	Tyrosinase	pCSK1	L-tyrosine	―	Industrial, medical, and environmental applications	(Hosseini-Abari et al. 2016)
	B. subtilis DB104	β-galactosidase	pDG1728	Anti β-galactosidase, antibody mouse IgM	―	Industrial biocatalysis	(Hwang et al. 2013)
	B. subtilis DB104	Lipase A and Lipase B	pHPS9	pNPP	―	Industrial biocatalysis	(Kim 2017)
CotG	B.subtilis DB403	Nitrilase	pHS	Tomalononitrile, Succinonitrile, Glutaronitrile	2-cyanoacetic acid, 3-cyanopropionic acid, 4-cyanobutyric acid	Industrial biocatalysis	(Chen et al. 2015c)
	B. subtilis DB104	DhaA	pHY300PLK	2-CEES	Chloride	Bioremediation	(Wang et al. 2019)
	B. subtilis DB104	β-galactosidase	pDG1728	Anti β-galactosidase, antibody mouse IgM	―	Industrial biocatalysis	(Hwang et al. 2013)
	B. subtilis DB104	ω-transaminase	pHPS9	(S)-α-methylbenzylamine and pyruvate	Acetophenone	Industrial biocatalysis	(Bum-Yeol et al. 2011)
	B. subtilis DB104	GFPUV	pCSK1	―	―	Diagnosis	(Kim et al. 2007)
	B. subtilis MI111	Phytase	pHT304	Sodium phytate	Inorganic phosphate	Industrial biocatalysis and animal probiosis	(Mingmongkolchai and Panbangred 2018)
	B. subtilis WB800N	TreS	pDG1730	D-Maltosee	D-Trehalose	Industrial biocatalysis	(Liu et al. 2019)
	B. subtilis 168 c-trp	ChiS	pDHAFB	Chitin	3,5-dinitrosalicylic acids and N-acetyl glucosamine	Biopesticide	(Rostami et al. 2017)
	B. subtilis DB403	Nitrilase	pHS.	3-Cyanopyridine	3-Carboxypyridine	Industrial biocatalysis	(Chen et al. 2017a)
	B. subtilis DB403	L-arabinose isomerase	pHS	D-galactose	D-tagatose	Industrial biocatalysis	(Qi et al. 2018)
	B. subtilis WB600	NanA	pEASY	Pyruvate	Neu5Ac	Industrial biocatalysis	(Xu et al. 2011)
	B. subtilis DB104	Streptavidin	pHPS9	Anti-streptavidin, Antibody	―	Biological diagnosis	(Kim et al. 2005)
CotX	B. subtilis 168 (trpC2)	β-galactosidase	pJS700a	ONPG	ONP	Industrial biocatalysis	(He et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2016)
CotY	B. subtilis 168(trp−)	β-galactosidase	pJS700a	ONPG	ONP	Industrial biocatalysis	(He et al. 2015)
CotZ	B. subtilis 168(trp−)	β-galactosidase	pJS700a	ONPG	ONP	Industrial biocatalysis	(He et al. 2015)
	B. subtilis WB800(trp-)	DPEase	pET22b(+)	D-fructose	D-allulose	Industrial biocatalysis	(He et al. 2016)
CgeA	B. subtilis 168	CagA	pMUTIN4	Mouse anti-CagA antibody	―	Vaccine formulation	(Iwanicki et al. 2014)
OxdD	B. subtilis PY79	Phytase	pDG364	Sodium phytate	Inorganic phosphate	Industrial biocatalysis and animal probiosis	(Potot et al. 2010)

^*Not available