Fig. 1.

Schematic diagram of the stages of peptide-based vaccine development using immunoinformatics. At the first stage, candidate antigens are selected. These antigens can be viral, bacterial or tumor-specific antigens. At the next stage (with in silico approach), immunoinformatics software and tools are used to find the epitopes of MHC I, MHC II and B cells. At this stage, in order to evaluate the top-level epitope connection to the favourable binding site, molecular dynamics, molecular docking studies are used. Finally, high binding affinity epitopes for MHCs and B-cells are presented as predicted epitopes for the design of peptide-based vaccines