TABLE 2.
Predictors of recurrence: univariate
| Variable | n | Events, n (%) | 1-y survival, % (95% CI) | 2-y survival, % (95% CI) | Cox univariate hazard ratio (95% CI) | Cox univariate Wald P | Cox univariate overall P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Previous surgery | |||||||
| 0 | 788 | 406 (52%) | 67.3 (64.0–70.7) | 58.2 (54.6–61.8) | 1.00 (REF) | 001a | |
| 1 | 92 | 59 (64%) | 52.1 (41.6–62.6) | 49.4 (38.8–60.0) | 1.52 (1.16–2.00) | .003 | |
| 2+ | 18 | 12 (67%) | 54.3 (30.7–77.9) | 38.8 (14.0–63.6) | 1.90 (1.07–3.38) | .028 | |
| IS | |||||||
| No IS | 62 | 36 (58%) | 56.4 (43.7–69.0) | 50.2 (37.2–63.3) | 1.00 (REF) | .13 | |
| Previous IS | 48 | 35 (73%) | 47.5 (32.9–62.1) | 44.7 (30.0–59.5) | 1.44 (0.90–2.29) | .093 | |
| Gender | |||||||
| M | 450 | 254 (56%) | 62.9 (58.4–67.4) | 52.8 (48.0–57.6) | 1.00 (REF) | <.001 | .044a |
| F | 448 | 223 (50%) | 68.3 (63.9–72.7) | 61.1 (56.4–65.8) | 0.831 (0.693–0.995) | ||
| Abnormal initial MRI | |||||||
| No | 122 | 75 (61%) | 62.9 (54.2–71.6) | 48.3 (39.0–57.7) | 1.00 (REF) | .044 | .023a |
| Yes | 773 | 400 (52%) | 66.0 (62.6–69.4) | 58.2 (54.6–61.8) | 0.75 (0.59–0.96) | ||
| GTC | |||||||
| No | 273 | 130 (48%) | 69.4 (63.9–75.0) | 61.3 (55.3–67.4) | 1.00 (REF) | .023 | .030a |
| Yes | 620 | 344 (55%) | 63.7 (59.9–67.6) | 54.8 (50.7–58.9) | 1.25 (1.02–1.53) | ||
| Index surgery pathology | .030 | ||||||
| MCD | 246 | 131 (53%) | 65.9 (59.9–71.9) | 53.1 (46.5–59.8) | 1.00 (REF) | .042a | |
| MTS | 262 | 139 (53%) | 69.3 (63.7–74.9) | 62.9 (57.0–68.9) | 0.81 (0.64–1.03) | ||
| Gliosis | 220 | 126 (57%) | 60.9 (54.3–67.4) | 52.0 (45.0–58.9) | 1.10 (0.86–1.41) | .093 | |
| Other lesion | 167 | 79 (47%) | 66.2 (58.9–73.4) | 59.6 (51.8–67.3) | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) | .43 | |
| Proximity to Eloq cortex | |||||||
| No | 606 | 309 (51%) | 58.8 (54.7–62.8) | 1.00 (REF) | .16 | ||
| Yes | 292 | 168 (58%) | 53.0 (47.0–59.0) | 1.15 (0.95–1.38) | .16 | ||
| First surgery in OSH | |||||||
| No | 86 | 58 (67%) | 48.7 (37.8–59.7) | 1.00 (REF) | .56 | ||
| Yes | 24 | 13 (54%) | 46.4 (25.3–67.4) | 1.20 (0.65–2.22) | .56 | ||
| Index surgery year | 898 | 477 (53%) | 56.9 (53.6–60.3) | 1.038 (1.014–1.062) | .002 | .002a | |
| Continuous measures | .15 | ||||||
| Onset age, per decade | 896 | 476 (53%) | 1.03 (0.97–1.11) | ||||
| Surgery age, per decade | 898 | 477 (53%) | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | .35 | .35 | ||
| Epilepsy duration, per decade | 894 | 476 (53%) | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | .62 | .62 | ||
| Preop seizure frequency, per 30 d | 892 | 475 (53%) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | .64 | .64 | ||
| .016 | .016a | ||||||
Abbreviations: IS, invasive surgery; Eloq, eloquent; CI, confidence interval; REF, reference; M, male; F, female; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; GTC, generalized tonic-clonic seizures; MCD, malformation of cortical development; MTS, mesiotemporal sclerosis; OSH, outside hospital.
a
Statistically significant.