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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 14.
Published in final edited form as: Epilepsia. 2020 Feb 27;61(3):465–478. doi: 10.1111/epi.16452

TABLE 3.

Predictors of recurrence: multivariate

Variable n Events, n (%) Cox multivariate hazard ratio (95% CI) Cox multivariate Wald P, n = 885 Cox multivariate likelihood ratio P, n = 885
Previous surgery
 0 788 406 (52%) 1.00 (REF) .002
 1 92 59 (64%) 1.47 (1.11–1.96) .008
 2+ 18 12 (67%) 2.08 (1.16–3.73) .014
Gender
 M 450 254 (56%) 1.00 (REF) .011
 F 448 223 (50%) 0.79 (0.66–0.95) .011
Abnormal initial MRI
 No 122 75 (61%) 1.00 (REF) .10
 Yes 773 400 (52%) 0.81 (0.63–1.04) .10
GTC
 No 273 130 (48%) 1.00 (REF) .016
 Yes 620 344 (55%) 1.29 (1.05–1.59) .016
Index surgery pathology
 MCD 246 131 (53%) 1.00 (REF) .12
 MTS 262 139 (53%) 0.82 (0.63–1.08) .16
 Gliosis 220 126 (57%) 1.05 (0.81–1.35) .72
 Other lesion 167 79 (47%) 0.79 (0.59–1.06) .12
Surgical side
 R 428 218 (51%) 1.00 (REF) .43
 L 469 258 (55%) 1.08 (0.90–1.29) .43
Surgery age, per decade 898 477 (53%) 1.071 (0.992–1.156) .079 .079
Epilepsy duration, per decade 894 476 (53%) 0.95 (0.86–1.04) .25 .25

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; F, female; GTC, generalized tonic-clonic seizures; L, left; M, male; MCD, malformation of cortical development; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MTS, mesiotemporal sclerosis; R, right; REF, reference.