Fig 3. Conditioned place aversion results.

Preference in time spent by observer calves in the pen where they previously observed pen mates recover from the ‘pain’ procedure (sedation, local anesthesia and hot-iron disbudding) compared to the ‘sham’ procedure (sedation alone). Values under 50% represent an aversion to the ‘pain’ pen. Test sessions 1, 2 and 3 took place 48 h, 72 h and 96 h after the last demonstration.