Table 1. Behaviours recorded during demonstrations (where an ‘observer’ calf would witness two ‘demonstrators’ recover from either a painful or a sham procedure) and during tests (where observers were tested for conditioned place aversion of the pens associated with the two procedures).

Measure	Session	Subject calf	Description	Sampling method
Proximity	Demonstration	Observer	Which half of the central pen the calf placed her front legs	Instantaneous scans every 5 min
Attention	Demonstration	Observer	Which demonstrator the calf’s head was oriented towards	Instantaneous scans every 5 min
Contact	Demonstration	Demonstrator	Number of physical contacts between observer and demonstrator	1 min scans every 5 min
Pain behaviours	Demonstration	Demonstrator	Number of ear flicks, head rubs and head shakes	1 min scans every 5 min
Conditioned place aversion	Test	Observer	Time spent in each pen, where the calf lay down	Continuous