Fig. 1.

Exemplary illustrating the RI-CLPM for the variables of stress & nomophobia (Nomo) across the three panel waves. Note: Observed variables are represented by squares; latent variables at both, the between and the within-level, are constructed out of the observed variables (see ovals); 2 random intercepts (Stress & Nomo) indicate the between-person variances; 6 latent within-person variables (P1-P3; Q1-Q3) indicate the within-person variances; the within-person paths are indicated by the correlation between stress and nomo at T1, the residual correlations of stress and nomo at T2 & T3; 2 autoregressive paths for stress, 2 autoregressive paths for nomo and 4 cross-lagged paths between stress & nomo (each T1-T2 & T2-T3).