Table 1.
Summary of percentage of correct production across various studies.
| Form | Study | Elicitation | Context | n | Age (years;months) | DLD vs. TD | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Articles | Anderson & Souto (2005) | Spontaneous | Monolingual | 11 | 4;10 | 85 vs. 98 | NSD |
| Jackson-Maldonado & Maldonado (2017) | Spontaneous | Monolingual | 17 | 7;3 | 92 vs. 99 | NSD | |
| Bedore & Leonard (2005) | Spontaneous | Bilingual | 15 | 4;0–5;6 | 84 vs. 96 | 1.05 | |
| Simon-Cereijido & Gutierrez-Clellen (2007) | Spontaneous | Bilingual | 24 | 4;6 | 79 vs. 96 | 1.05 | |
| Restrepo & Gutierrez-Clellen (2001) | Spontaneous | Bilingual | 15 | 5;9 | 78 vs. 97 | NSD | |
| Anderson & Souto (2005) | Elicited | Monolingual | 11 | 4;10 | 64 vs. 95 | NSD | |
| Bedore & Leonard (2005) | Elicited | Bilingual | 15 | 4;0–5;6 | 47 vs. 83 | 1.70 | |
| Morgan et al. (2013) | Elicited | Monolingual | 7 | 5;7 | 54 vs. 81 | 1.20 | |
| Castilla-Earls et al. (2016) | Elicited | Bilingual | 16 | 6;3 | 38 vs. 86 | 2.29 | |
| Clitics | Bedore & Leonard (2005) | Spontaneous | Bilingual | 15 | 4;0–5;6 | 79 vs. 95 | 0.91 |
| Simon-Cereijido & Gutierrez-Clellen (2007) | Spontaneous | Bilingual | 24 | 4;6 | 80 vs. 92 | 0.09 | |
| De la Mora (2004) | Elicited | Monolingual | 10 | 45 vs. 85 | NSD | ||
| Morgan et al. (2013) | Elicited | Monolingual | 7 | 5;7 | 51 vs. 74 | 0.88 | |
| Plurals | Bedore & Leonard (2005) | Elicited | Bilingual | 15 | 4;0–5;6 | 38 vs. 80 | 2.96 |
| Jacobson & Schwartz (2002) a | Elicited | Bilingual | 12 | 8;1 | 65 vs. 84 | 1.33 | |
| Castilla-Earls et al. (2016) | Elicited | Bilingual | 16 | 6;3 | 34 vs. 64 | 1.27 | |
| Bedore & Leonard (2005) | Spontaneous | Bilingual | 15 | 4;0–5;6 | 93 vs. 97 | 1.13 | |
| Bedore & Leonard (2001) | Elicited | Bilingual | 15 | 4;0–5;6 | 56 vs. 96 | 1.96 | |
| Grinstead et al. (2008) | Elicited | Monolingual | 9 | 4;9 | 89 vs. 94 | 1.56 | |
| Adjectives | Bedore & Leonard (2001) | Elicited | Bilingual | 15 | 4;0–5;6 | 72 vs. 94 | 1.27 |
| Subjunctive | Morgan et al. (2013) | Elicited | Monolingual | 7 | 5;7 | 52 vs. 72 | 0.78 |
| Castilla-Earls et al. (2016) | Elicited | Bilingual | 16 | 6;3 | 45 vs. 75 | 1.15 | |
| Verbs | Simon-Cereijido & Gutierrez-Clellen (2007) | Spontaneous | Bilingual | 24 | 4;6 | 90 vs. 97 | 1.20 |
| Sanz-Torrent et al. (2008) | Spontaneous | Bilingual a | 6 | 3;7–4;1 | 93 vs. 97 | NSD | |
| Jackson-Maldonado & Maldonado (2017) | Spontaneous | Monolingual | 17 | 7;3 | 95 vs. 98 | NSD | |
| Grinstead et al. (2013) | Spontaneous | Monolingual | 26 | 5;8 | 95 vs. 99 | NSD | |
| Grinstead et al. (2009) | Elicited | Monolingual | 21 | Unknown | 82 vs. 95 | 1.08 | |
| Jacobson (2012) | Elicited | Bilingual | 20 | 7;0 | 62 vs. 96 | 1.69 | |
| Contreras González & Soriano Ferrer (2007) | Elicited | Monolingual | 27 | 8;4 | 54 vs. 84 | 1.60 | |
| Bedore & Leonard (2001) | Elicited | Bilingual | 15 | 4;0–5;6 | 65 vs. 89 | 1.13 |
Note. Bilinguals here refer to children in the United States who are either bilingual (Spanish–English) or in language contact situation with English. n = sample size for children with DLD; Age = average age is provided with some exception where only age range was available; DLD = children with developmental language disorders; TD = children with typical development; d = Cohen's effect size; NSD = no standard deviations provided in the original article, so d was not calculated.
a
Bilingual Spanish and Catalan.