Table 4.

Results of mediation analysis demonstrating safety climate’s (independent variable) relationship to safety participation behaviors (outcome) via three types of safety motivation (mediators)

	Estimate	SE	[95% CI]
Mediator: Internal safety motivation
	Mediator
Safety climate (a path)	0.23	0.03	[0.17, 0.28]
	Outcome
Mediator to outcome (b path)	0.50	0.03	[0.43, 0.56]
Total effect of safety climate on outcome (c path)	0.42	0.03	[0.36, 0.48]
Direct effect safety climate on outcome (c’ path)	0.31	0.03	[0.25, 0.36]
Total indirect effect of safety climate on outcome through mediator (ab path)	0.11	0.02	[0.08, 0.15]
Mediator: Identified safety motivation
	Mediator
Safety climate (a path)	0.19	0.03	[0.14, 0.24]
	Outcome
Mediator to outcome (b path)	0.46	0.04	[0.38, 0.53]
Total effect of safety climate on outcome (c path)	0.42	0.03	[0.36, 0.48]
Direct effect safety climate on outcome (c’ path)	0.33	0.03	[0.28, 0.39]
Total indirect effect of safety climate on outcome through mediator (ab path)	0.09	0.01	[0.06, 0.12]
Mediator: External safety motivation
	Mediator
Safety climate (a path)	0.24	0.03	[0.18, 0.30]
	Outcome
Mediator to outcome (b path)	0.23	0.03	[0.17, 0.29]
Total effect of safety climate on outcome (c path)	0.42	0.03	[0.36, 0.48]
Direct effect safety climate on outcome (c’ path)	0.36	0.03	[0.30, 0.42]
Total indirect effect of safety climate on outcome through mediator (ab path)	0.05	0.01	[0.03, 0.08]

Note. All models are controlled for tenure, management role, industry, and business size. SE = Standard error. CI = Confidence interval.

^*p<0.0001