Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Orthop Res. 2019 Dec 25;38(6):1257–1267. doi: 10.1002/jor.24567

Figure 3. Mechanical impact induces rapid mitochondrial depolarization and gradual cell death that are both significantly reduced by SS-31 treatment.

Figure 3.

(a) Without treatment (black lines), the average fraction of cells with depolarized mitochondria increased dramatically in the first 15 minutes after impact and was higher in impacted samples as compared to non-impacted controls (p<1.3×10−41). With treatment (blue lines), impacted samples showed dramatically less depolarization (p<1.1×10−3), especially in the first 15 minutes, while non-impacted controls were unaffected by treatment (p>0.01). (b) Fractional cell death in impacted samples was smaller and increased gradually over time but was still significantly reduced by SS-31 treatment (p<4.5×10−3, 9-30 min after impact). Points show the mean across samples (i.e. animals) and error bars indicate standard error of the mean. Untreated and treated results reflect the responses of samples from 5 and 4 animals, respectively. Statistical comparisons were evaluated using mixed effects models (Supplementary Table S1, Supplementary Table S2).