Table 2.
Adjusted HRs (95% CI) for adiposity-related cancers and site-specific cancers by quintile/tertile categories of fructose and sucrose (n = 3,184)
| Fructose (% kcal) | Quintile/Tertile 1 | Quintile/Tertile 2 | Quintile/Tertile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | p-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiposity-related cancers (n = 565)a | ||||||
| No. at risk (no. with outcome) | 651 (100) | 627 (129) | 654 (105) | 677 (118) | 635 (113) | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.92–1.55) | 0.90 (0.69–1.19) | 1.07 (0.82–1.40) | 1.05 (0.80–1.37) | 0.938 |
| Multivariable-Adjustede | 1.00 | 1.21 (0.92–1.58) | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) | 1.18 (0.90–1.56) | 1.09 (0.83–1.44) | 0.620 |
| Breast cancer (n = 124)b | ||||||
| No. at risk (no. with outcome) | 568 (46) | 568 (44) | 553 (34) | - | - | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.57–1.30) | 0.73 (0.47–1.15) | - | - | - |
| Multivariable adjustedf | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.61–1.42) | 0.76 (0.48–1.22) | - | - | - |
| Prostate cancer (n = 157)c | ||||||
| No. at risk (no. with outcome) | 502 (50) | 495 (48) | 498 (59) | - | - | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.63–1.39) | 1.19 (0.81–1.75) | - | - | - |
| Multivariable-adjustedh | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.65–1.46) | 1.25 (0.84–1.85) | - | - | - |
| Colorectal cancer (n = 68)d | ||||||
| No. at risk (no. with outcome) | 1,049 (23) | 1,076 (22) | 1,059 (23) | - | - | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.50–1.61) | 0.99 (0.55–1.78) | - | - | - |
| Multivariable-adjustedh | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.62–2.11) | 1.51 (0.81–2.82) | - | - | - |
| Adiposity-related cancers (n = 656)a | ||||||
| No. at risk (no. with outcome) | 636 (139) | 655 (112) | 626 (101) | 630 (112) | 637 (101) | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.67–1.11) | 0.70 (0.54–0.91) | 0.80 (0.62–1.03) | 0.76 (0.59–98) | 0.033 |
| Multivariable-adjustede | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.71–1.18) | 0.75 (0.57–98) | 0.87 (0.67–1.14) | 0.81 (0.61–1.07) | 0.148 |
| Breast cancer (n = 124)b | ||||||
| No. at risk (no. with outcome) | 555 (45) | 573 (38) | 561 (41) | - | - | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.52–1.24) | 0.83 (0.54–1.28) | - | - | - |
| Multivariable adjustedf | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.55–1.35) | 0.96 (0.61–1.52) | - | - | - |
| Prostate cancer (n = 157)c | ||||||
| No. at risk (no. with outcome) | 491 (57) | 570 (59) | 494 (41) | - | - | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.60–1.24) | 0.71 (0.48–1.07) | - | - | - |
| Multivariable-adjustedg | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.57–1.24) | 0.70 (0.45–1.08) | - | - | - |
| Colorectal cancer (n = 68)d | ||||||
| No. at risk (no. with outcome) | 1,048 (32) | 1,081 (17) | 1,055 (19) | - | - | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.47 (0.26–0.84) | 0.58 (0.33–1.02) | - | - | - |
| Multivariable-adjustedh | 1.00 | 0.65 (0.35–1.21) | 0.87 (0.46–1.64) | - | - | - |
For adiposity-related and colorectal cancers quintile cutoffs for fructose (% kcal) were: Q1: <3.3%, Q2: 3.3%–4.4%, Q3: 4.4%–5.6%, Q4: 5.6%–7.2%, Q5: >7.2%; and for sucrose (% kcal): Q1: <6.6%, Q2: 6.6%–8.5%, Q3: 8.5%–10.1%, Q4: 10.1%–12.6%, Q5: >12.6%.
For breast cancers, tertile cutoffs for fructose (% kcal) were: T1: <4.1%, T2: 4.1%–6.0%, T3: >6.0%; and for sucrose (% kcal): T1: <7.9%, T2: 7.9%–10.8%, T3: >10.8%.
For prostate cancers, tertile cutoffs for fructose (% kcal) were: T1: <4.0%, T2: 4.0%–6.1%, T3: >6.1%; and for sucrose (% kcal): T1: <7.7%, T2: 7.7–10.8, T3: >10.8%.
For colorectal cancers, tertile cutoffs for fructose (% kcal) were: T1: <4.0%, T2: 4.0%–6.0%, T3: >6.0%; and for sucrose (% kcal): T1: <7.8%, T2: 7.8–10.8, T3: >10.8%.
Models were adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol, and energy. Additional adjustment for BMI, waist circumference, chronic diseases (CVD and diabetes), physical activity, antioxidant use, percentage energy from fat, and fruit and vegetable intake did not alter these findings.
Models were adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol, energy, menopausal status, age at menopause, hormone therapy use and number of live births. Additional adjustment for BMI, waist circumference, chronic diseases (CVD and diabetes), physical activity, antioxidant use and percentage energy from fat did not alter these findings.
Models were adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol, energy. Additional adjustment for BMI, waist circumference, chronic diseases (CVD and diabetes), physical activity, antioxidant use, percentage energy from fat did not alter these findings.
Models were adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol, energy, fiber intake and red and processed meat intake. Additional adjustment for BMI, waist circumference, chronic diseases (CVD and diabetes), physical activity, antioxidant use, and percentage energy from fat did not alter these findings.